Changes in photosynthetic attributes in response to copper depletion in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L)

Various characteristics of the photosynthetic apparatus of sugar beet were investigated with respect to changes in leaf copper content due to copper depletion. Copper deficiency inhibited whole chain electron transport or photosystem (PS) I or PS II electron transport measured separately. The minimal copper requirement was found to be 0.95 natom/cm² for whole chain electron transport and 0.75 natom/cm² for PS I or PS II electron transport. The minimum copper requirement to maintain normal contents of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and plastoquinone was 0.5 natom Cu/cm².     

Fluorescence induction characteristics of Anacystis nidulans during recovery from iron deficiency

Cultures of the cyanobacterium, Anacystis nidulans, were grown in iron deficient medium and examined for fluorescence emission at room temperature. Iron deficiency induced several alterations in fluorescence emission kinetics which were reversed when iron was restored. When excited by 450 nm light (absorbed by chlorophyll), iron stressed cells showed an enhanced maximum fluorescence yield (Fm), due in large part to an increase in original fluorescence (Fo) and a depressed variable fluorescence. Both Fm and Fo declined during the early stages of recovery from iron deficiency. Inhibitors of chlorophyll biosynthesis (such as levulinic acid and gabaculine) had little influence on these early stages of recovery suggesting that newly synthesized chlorophyll is not responsible for the decline in Fm. In contrast, when excited by 550 or 600 nm light (absorbed by phycocyanin), iron deficient cells showed no increase in Fm. A fast rise fluorescence transient was observed which was absent in both normal or fully recovered cells. This transient was attenuated by preillumination (600 nm light), and recovered in darkness with a half time of 2–4 minutes. These results suggest that the reoxidation of acceptors on the oxidizing side of PS II is considerably slower in iron deficient cells.     

Intercropping of Different Secondary Crops in Maize

Intercropping and bicropping are common cultivation systems in many countries. Maize (Zea mays L.) as a main crop combined with a legume as secondary crop is in general use in many countries. These systems may contribute to a higher biodiversity, and reduced import of fertilizer, concentrates and agrochemicals. The objective of this research was to select an appropriate secondary crop that could be grown with maize in an intercropping system to control weeds while maintaining maize yields. Field beans (Vicia faba L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.) and thyphon [Brassica rapa L. ar. rapa (L.) Thell] were selected as secondary crops. Acceptable yields of dry matter in maize were obtained regardless of secondary crop. Different yield levels were obtained depending on the morphology of the secondary crop. Thyphon, a high, dense secondary crop with large leaves, shaded the lower maize canopy, and thereby reduced the yield of maize. In contrast, field bean, which is tall and has a narrow canopy, did not reduce maize yield. A negative relation was found between the yield of secondary crop plus weeds in August and October and the yield of maize in October. The secondary crops were not sufficiently competitive against weeds in the first part of the growing season. Thyphon competed too much against maize. Field bean and phacelia resulted in a minimum of competition against maize, and a maximum competition against weeds, compared with the other secondary crops.     

不同施氮量对结缕草生长及光合荧光特性的影响

研究不同氮肥用量(N 0、3和9 g·m-2)对结缕草生理、光合及荧光特性的影响。结果表明,3和9 g·m-2氮肥均使结缕草地上及地下生物量增加;提高了结缕草叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用率(WUE)、PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的活性(Fv/Fo)、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)、光化学淬灭系数(qP),降低了非光化学淬灭系数(qN)。3 g·m-2氮肥处理效果好于9 g·m-2氮肥处理,对结缕草的生长和发育的促进作用更加明显。     

Effect of dual applied phosphorus and gypsum on wheat forage and grain yield

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production on acid soils can be greatly affected by reduced phosphorus (P) availability. At low pH (below 5.5), iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) react with P to form highly insoluble compounds that severely reduce the amount of plant available P. Previous research suggested that supersaturating localized P fertilizer bands with respect to Ca²⁺ could induce precipitation of applied P as dicalcium phosphate (DCP) or dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) which would slowly become plant available with time. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dual‐band applications of P and gypsum on winter wheat forage and grain yield. Methods of application included P and gypsum banded with the seed, P and gypsum broadcast, and P banded and gypsum broadcast at rates of 29 and 58 kg P ha^‐1 and 22 and 44 kg S as gypsum ha^‐1. Sources of P included diammonium phosphate (DAP; 18–20–0) and triple superphosphate (TSP; 0–20–0). Grain and forage yields increased when P was applied. Dual‐band applications of P and gypsum increased wheat grain and forage yields compared to P banded without gypsum, and P banded and gypsum broadcast. When DAP was the P source, the N‐P band reduced yields compared to P banded alone or the N‐P‐gypsum band. This suggests that gypsum should be included in the band for maximum benefit. Precipitation of DCPD and DCP may have taken place within the dual P‐gypsum band, reducing fertilizer P fixed as Fe or Al hydroxides thus increasing long‐term P availability for winter wheat forage and grain production on acid soils.     

Use of selenium fertilizers for production of Se‐enriched Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus): Effect on Se concentration and plant productivity

Due to selenium (Se) deficiency, Se fortification of food and feed is applied in many countries. Therefore, potential use of Se‐enriched kenaf was investigated based on its Se accumulation, its potential to transform accumulated Se to other Se species, and effect of Se accumulation on its growth. Kenaf was grown with different levels of two Se fertilizers (selenite and selenate) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 4 mg Se (kg soil)^–1. Total Se concentrations in the plants grown on selenate‐treated soil amounted to (1019 ± 136) mg Se (kg dry weight)^–1 and were much higher compared to plants grown on selenite‐treated soil. Identified Se species were selenite, selenate, Se‐methionine, and Se‐cystine. Biomass yield, net photosynthesis, and chlorophyll index of the plants decreased when plants were grown on soils treated with high doses of selenate.     

不同辣椒品种光合日变化及影响因子分析

为了探明不同基因型辣椒间的光合日变化情况,进一步指导辣椒的育种与栽培,测定了4个辣椒品种的光合日变化曲线。结果表明,4个辣椒品种净光合速率均呈双峰曲线变化,但峰值的大小及峰值出现的时间因品种不同而表现出一定差异;在所考察的8个影响因子中,气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶片温度和光合有效辐射与净光合速率呈极显著正相关,胞间CO2浓度和空气CO2浓度与净光合速率极显著负相关。     

大气CO_2浓度升高和氮加富对羊牺菜生理生化特征的影响

以褐藻门马尾藻科马尾藻属羊栖菜(Hizikia fusiformis)为试验材料,探讨了在2种氮(N)水平下,CO2浓度升高对羊栖菜生长、光合作用和生化组成的影响。试验设350和700μmol.mol-12种CO2浓度水平,以及自然海水加入浓度0、500μmol.L-1的NaNO32种N肥施用水平。结果表明,在自然海水培养的条件下,倍增CO2对羊栖菜生长、光合作用和生化组成的影响不明显。而在N加富海水中培养的藻体升高CO2较明显的抑制了藻体的生长,并且干重鲜重比、体内蛋白质和可溶性多糖的含量分别降低4.5%、15%、32%。这可能主要是由于N加富使藻体内NO2-过多积累,而CO2升高使水体pH值降低,在藻体内形成HNO2产生的毒害作用。     

Family Variation in the Morphology and Physiology of White Spruce (Picea glauca) Seedlings in Response to Elevated CO2 and Temperature

Tree improvement programs aim to develop families that are well-adapted to future growing conditions. To gain insight into the stability of the family genetic response to climate change, white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings from 60 full-sib families were subjected to a combination of two temperature regimes and two levels of CO₂ over two growing seasons. There was positive effect of warmer temperatures and higher CO₂ on some growth variables but no significant family × treatment interactions. Instantaneous water use efficiency was the only physiological trait that was affected positively by the CO₂ treatment, showing a 51% increase that was consistent across families.     

盐胁迫下杨树质外体离子对气体交换参数的影响

利用微透析技术,研究盐胁迫下吴屯杨和小胡杨嫩茎质外体中离子的动态变化对气体交换参数的影响.杨树嫩茎质外体离子采用微透析与原子吸收联用进行监测,同时采用Li-6400便携式光合仪进行气体交换相关参数的测定.盐胁迫下,2个杨树品种嫩茎质外体中Na+积累的程度不同,吴屯杨经过一段时间后能够自我调节,减少№+含量,而小胡杨质外体一直积累Na+,从而造成细胞的渗透胁迫,抑制植物生长;随着盐处理对间的增加,2种杨树K+浓度基本呈现下降的趋势.吴屯杨在100 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫早期光合受抑制的主要原因是非气孔限制,后期是气孔限制;而小胡杨光合受抑制的主要原因是气孔限制.对Na+浓度、K+浓度、Ca2浓度、Na+/K+、Pn进行相关性分析发现,2个杨树品种Pn均与Na+浓度和Na+/K+比值呈显著的负相关,与K+浓度呈极显著的正相关.以Pn为因变量,以Na+,K+,Ca2+浓度和Na+/K+为自变量,进行多元线性逐步回归分析得统计方程,其中只有Na+/K+对Pn的相关系数有显著意义,方程中只有Na+/K+进入方程,其他3个离子都被剔除.盐胁迫下,吴屯杨耐盐性强于小胡杨,统计方程说明盐胁迫下杨树嫩茎质外体离子变化和光合作用存在共线性关系,且Na+/K+对Pn有显著的线性关系.