黄河流域甘肃段地表干湿时空变化及驱动因子分析

为了探究气候变化影响下地表干湿时空变化及驱动因子,基于黄河流域甘肃段15个气象站点资料,分析了不同时间尺度SWI(地表湿润指数)的时空变化规律,采用灰色关联度法、敏感系数法和贡献特征分析定量化研究了各气象因子与SWI的变化关系。结果表明：SWI整体呈微弱上升变化,气候呈半湿润—半干旱—半湿润变化。四季由湿到干分别为夏、秋、春、冬,主要干湿气候类型依次为半湿润、半湿润、半干旱、干旱。1980s—2010s经历了湿—干—湿的变化过程。各气象因子敏感程度由高到低为P(降水量)、u(风速)、T(平均气温)、T_max(日最高气温)、n(日照时数)、T_min(日最低气温)、RH(相对湿度)。引发SWI变化的贡献大小排序为T_min,P,T,T_max,u,RH,n,其中T_min,P,u,n促使SWI增大,T,T_max,RH促使SWI降低,流域多年SWI微弱增大是T_min升高、P增大、u增加、n减少和T升高、T_max升高、RH降低...     

城市不透水表面的梯度格局、演变驱动与景观优化

不透水表面扩张对城市生态系统的过程、功能、服务有显著影响,研究其演变规律对城市发展有重要意义。以南京市为研究区,基于2000—2020年土地利用数据,采用空间梯度分析与景观格局分析相结合的方法,沿城市中心向外设置等距辐射状梯度带,分析不透水表面时空分布和梯度变化特征,同时建立沿江、跨江样带,研究不透水表面扩张规模与方向演变背后的驱动机制,最终为南京市景观格局优化提供政策依据。结果表明：(1)不透水表面景观优势度沿梯度带逐渐降低,城市中心不透水表面高度集聚,外围城区是扩张的重点区域,耕地、林地、水域等景观面积缩减严重,景观格局变化剧烈,城郊区域保持低速稳定扩张。(2)地形地貌与河流水系显著影响不透水表面扩张方向,政策规划也起到一定的作用,经济发展、人口增长、产业结构优化影响不透水表面扩张规模。(3)南京市应从改善城市生活空间、转变城市发展模式、控制城市扩张规模3个方面对城市景观格局进行优化。     

嘉陵江上游径流变化及其影响因素归因分析

近年来,受气候变化与人类活动的双重影响,许多国内外河流的河川径流都受到强烈影响。以嘉陵江上游西汉水的礼县水文站控制流域为研究区,在对1960—2016年研究区年径流量进行突变点分析和趋势分析的基础上,使用8种基于Budyko假设的气候弹性系数法的水量平衡方程式进行流域径流变化归因分析。结果表明：(1)研究区潜在蒸散发呈显著增加趋势(p<0.01),径流量呈显著减小趋势(p<0.01),降水量呈不显著减少趋势(p>0.1),径流量的突变点发生在1994年,并以此为界,把研究时段划分为基准期和变化期;(2)8种基于Budyko假设的方法得出的气候变化对于径流减少的贡献率为40%～50%,人类活动贡献率为50%～60%,占主导作用。在气候变化中,8种方法得出的流域降水的敏感性系数为2～3,流域蒸散发的敏感性系数为-1～-3;(3)人类活动对于径流减少的主要作用形式是通过改变下垫面来表现的。由于植被保护措施实施,1990—2010年研究区域的林地面积增加68.42 km²,在所有土地类型中变化最大,表明人类活动对于下垫面的影响显著。     

多露石石漠化区岩面流对岩-土界面土壤的冲蚀效应

岩面流在基岩出露的喀斯特石漠化区普遍存在,其容易受岩面形状影响以汇聚或分散的方式对岩—土界面处土壤进行冲刷侵蚀,这是喀斯特石漠化区土壤侵蚀/漏失发生的重要物理过程。为分析不同岩面形状下岩面流对岩—土界面土壤颗粒分布的影响,揭示岩面流对岩—土界面土壤的冲蚀效应,选择具有典型石漠化特征的休耕地(1年岩面流冲刷作用),在其中选取3种典型岩面形状(平直型、外凸型和内凹型岩面)为研究对象,采用激光粒度仪分析法,分析距岩—土界面不同水平距离(0～2,2～4,4～6,6～8,8～10,20 cm)及不同土层(0—10,10—20 cm)处土壤的颗粒分布特征。结果表明：(1)不同岩面形状下岩面流对岩—土界面处土壤的冲蚀影响依次为内凹型>平直型>外凸型;内凹型岩—土界面处土壤中黏粒含量最低,外凸型岩—土界面处土壤中黏粒含量最高;(2)岩面流对岩—土界面土壤冲蚀作用主要集中在距岩—土界面水平距离0～2 cm范围内,在其范围内内凹型岩—土界面土壤的砂粒含量均显著高于外凸型和平直型,而在距岩—土界面其他水平距离处土壤颗粒分布情况无显著性差异;(3)在岩面流影响下岩—土界面土壤颗粒分形维数均值排序依...     

旱地冬小麦膜侧宽幅匀播增产效应研究

小麦膜侧宽幅匀播技术是密植作物高产栽培新技术,其抗旱增产效果显著。为了给该技术在旱地小麦生产上的推广应用提供理论支持,以冬小麦普冰151为指示品种,采用田间小区试验,比较了冬小麦旱地膜侧宽幅匀播、膜侧沟播、常规条播三种不同种植模式的增产效应。结果表明,旱地膜侧宽幅匀播冬小麦产量极显著高于膜侧沟播和常规条播,折合产量为5 902.8 kg/hm2较对照的增产率为24.54%。表明冬小麦膜侧宽幅匀播集雨保墒效果好、抗旱作用显著,又利于密植和高产。     

兼顾排涝标准与水质净化要求的农业圩区最优水面率确定

针对农业圩区的排涝以及水环境问题,该研究以江苏里下河地区为研究对象,以满足里下河圩区设计排涝标准与水质净化要求为目标,构建农业圩区坑塘-排水沟道湿地系统最优水面率数学模型.模型以工程系统总费用现值最小为目标函数,以泵站涝水外排能力与圩内水面率、水面率上下限、水环境容量与圩内坑塘与排水沟道系统的关系(主要包括圩内坑塘沟道...     

响应面法优化马血中氯化血红素提取工艺的研究

以新疆本地马的抗凝血作为试验材料,以氯化血红素提取率为检测指标,通过单因素试验,采用Box-behnken响应曲面设计法,研究氯化血红素提取过程中pH、丙酮添加量、处理时间对提取率的影响,并确定提取工艺条件的预测模型方程。研究结果表明,马血中氯化血红素提取的最佳工艺条件为:丙酮添加量是红细胞浓缩液体积的5.25倍,pH 2.86,处理时间3.38 h,此条件下实际提取率为95.83%,与模型的预测数据基本相符。     

Computation Method and for Thermal Transmittance of Glass Curtain walls Appllcation

The heat conduction characteristic of glass curtain wall was investigated. Based on one dimensional steady heat conduction theory, the numerical calculation model of glass system thermal transmittance was set up by using insulating glass as an example. Based on two dimensional steady heat conduction theory and finite element method, both the thermal transfer matrix and temperature load array of 3 DOFs triangular element were derived. Then the revised formulas about the heat transfer matrix and temperature load array under the boundary conditions of constant heat flux, heat convective, radiation and coupled of them were also derived. Then the numerical calculation models of glass curtain wall frame and linear thermal transmittance were set up. The program TJCW based on the Visual C++ and ObjectARX was developed for calculating the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall and was validated by contrast with the results calculated by thermal software LBNL. Finally, TJCW program was used to calculate and check the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall in a practical project. The results indicate that the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall can be calculated correctly by adopting the presented model, and the program based on this model can be used in energy conservation calculation and analysis in the actual projects.     

Experiments on cleaning tunnels with dry ice

Vehicle exhaust,dust and grease in tunnels are hard to be degraded,thus there will be more and more pollutants and the traffic safety will be influenced. Therefore,regularly cleaning tunnels is important for guaranteeing the traffic safety in tunnels. A tunnel cleaning method with dry ice is proposed,and a model of dry ice cleaning tunnel is developed based on the physical,chemical and cleaning properties of dry ice. Some experiments about the surface hole,surface temperature and the uniaxial compressive strength of the concrete are conducted. The surface damage and the compressive strength of the concrete is researched after the cleaning process. The test results show that：the dry ice cleaning method can thoroughly clean the surface of concrete;the surface damage and the compressive strength is little influence by the temperature and dry ice micro blasting. So dry ice cleaning method can be used for cleaning tunnel.     

Key technology of detecting hot heavy rail steel surface faults based on machine vision

Aiming at the low efficiency and precision of hot rail steel surface faults detecting at present,a suit of surface defect detection system of hot heavy rail based on the machine vision is put forward. Multi-CCD cameras are used to collect pictures. According to the geometric characteristics of the heavy rail and its defect characteristics of high-frequency region,six angle shot is used for heavy rail,and then various image processing technology are adopted in workstation. The system adopts improved Hough transform to get surface faults and Kohonen network to make a classification for the characteristics of low SVM training algorithm. The above key machine vision technology for detection of hot heavy rail surface defects greatly improves the speed and accuracy of testing and the detecting correct rate arrives over 85%.