珠母贝属6个种的ITS 2分子标记研究

对珠母贝属的大珠母贝、珠母贝、白珠母贝、黑珠母贝、长耳珠母贝、黑珠母贝和合浦珠母贝6个种的内部转录间隔区2(ITS2)序列及其两侧的5.8S和28S的部分序列进行了比较分析。其中黑珠母贝的序列来自GenBank。PCR扩增片段大小为600bp左右,测序结果表明,ITS2长211～254bp,两端的5.8S和28S分别长84bp和272bp(均含引物)。序列比对分析结果表明,5.8S和28S序列高度保守,不适合于种类鉴定,而ITS2序列高度变异,270个比对位点中有146个位点发生突变,其中72个位点发生插入/缺失突变。除白珠母贝和黑珠母贝之间的遗传距离较小外,其余种类之间的遗传距离远远大于种内遗传距离。基因型分析表明,每个种具有各自特有的基因型。基因型和序列变异分析表明ITS2序列可作为珍珠贝种类鉴定的分子标记。可用于种间、杂交育种、幼体和珍珠贝肉等材料的种类鉴定与遗传分析。     

Fish species richness in lakes of the northeastern lowlands in Germany

Fish species richness was assessed by electrofishing and gillnetting in 16 lakes of the northeastern lowland in Germany (the Schorfheide biosphere reserve). The lakes range from 0.03 to 10.55 km² and support between 5 and 14 fish species. Species richness is significantly correlated with lake area in an exponential and a power model. Richness is also correlated with shoreline development and total dissolved solids. This supports the hypothesis that larger areas contain more species within a taxonomic group due to increased habitat diversity. The slope of the species-area curve is low compared with most other studies of fish species richness in lakes, and the intercept value is high. This is interpreted as the result of high habitat and food diversity, lack of stress from abiotic factors, and the small regional species pool from which these lakes can be colonized. Two species inventories, one from the beginning of this century and one from the 1950s, are available for comparison. Average species richness did not change during the last decades. Species turnover rates were not related to the degree of anthropogenic eutrophication or to the intensity of fishery exploitation in these lakes. On the species level, however, one effect of accelerated eutrophication is apparent, the disappearance of 4 bottom-living species from one to 6 of the study lakes.     

磷对坛紫菜孢子囊枝形成的影响

主要研究了不同浓度、不同形式的磷源（磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钾和甘油磷酸钠）对坛紫菜（Porphyra haitanensis）孢子囊枝形成的影响，以及丝状体对磷的利用情况。结果表明，氮磷比在2／1左右时有利于孢子囊枝形成；无机磷酸盐比有机磷酸盐更能促进坛紫菜孢子囊枝形成；当N，P为10／1、7／1和2／1时，磷吸收速率随该比值下降而上升；磷起始浓度过高不利于丝状体的生长发育，有规律地适量添加磷盐有利于坛紫菜孢子囊枝的形成。     

草鱼种对配合饵料中钙磷的需要量及适宜钙磷化

研究了草鱼种对饵料中钙磷的需要量及适宜钙磷比。试验结果以增重率和饵料转换率两项生物学指标为依据进行综合分析。结果表明，在本试验条件下草鱼对饵料中钙的需要量为0.473%～0.788%，磷的需要量为1.419%～1.577%，钙磷的总需要量在2.100%～2.700%范围内，适宜钙磷比则随着钙磷含量的高低同异而变化，即在钙磷含量较低而总量不同时为1:3,钙磷含量而总量相同时为1:2。当钙磷比中的磷小于2时，钙磷总量高则可减轻因钙磷不平衡对草鱼生长所产生的抑制作用，钙磷比不等于1:2(或1:3）时，钙磷总量过多或过少都不利于鱼的生长、且饵料转换率呈降低趋势。     

三种浮萍对养殖废水中氮、磷的净化效果研究

本试验研究了3种浮萍(芜萍、少根紫萍、青萍)对3种不同稀释倍数的猪场厌氧废水中的N、P净化效果,结果显示:污水中TN、TP浓度随浮萍处理时间增加而持续降低;少根紫萍对N、P净化率都超过了75%,净化能力优于芜萍和青萍。综合考虑,少根紫萍可作为四川盆地内净化养殖废水中氮、磷的优化品种。     

Effect of feeding acidified or fermented barley using Limosilactobacillus reuteri with or without supplemental phytase on diet nutrient digestibility in growing pigs

Fermentation of cereal grains may degrade myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP₆) thereby increasing nutrient digestibility. Effects of chemical acidification or fermentation with Limosilactobacillus (L.) reuteri with or without phytase of high β-glucan hull-less barley grain on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and gross energy (GE), standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AAs), and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P were assessed in growing pigs. Pigs were fed four mash barley-based diets balanced for water content: 1) unfermented barley (Control); 2) chemically acidified barley (ACD) with lactic acid and acidic acid (0.019 L/kg barley grain at a ratio of 4:1 [vol/vol]); 3) barley fermented with L. reuteri TMW 1.656 (Fermented without phytase); and 4) barley fermented with L. reuteri TMW 1.656 and phytase (Fermented with phytase; 500 FYT/kg barley grain). The acidification and fermentation treatments occurred for 24 h at 37 °C in a water bath. The four diets were fed to eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW], 17.4 kg) for four 11-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Barley grain InsP₆ content of Control, ACD, Fermented without phytase, or Fermented with phytase was 1.12%, 0.59%, 0.52% dry matter (DM), or not detectable, respectively. Diet ATTD of DM, CP, Ca, and GE, digestible energy (DE), predicted net energy (NE) value, and urinary excretion of P were greater (P < 0.05) for ACD than Control. Diet ATTD of DM, CP, Ca, GE, DE and predicted NE value, urinary excretion of P was greater (P < 0.05), and diet AID of Ca and ATTD and STTD of P tended to be greater (P < 0.10) for Fermented without phytase than Control. Diet ATTD of GE was lower (P < 0.05) and diet ATTD and STTD of P, AID and ATTD of Ca was greater (P < 0.05) for Fermented with phytase than Fermented without phytase. Acidification or fermentation with/without phytase did not affect diet SID of CP and AA. In conclusion, ACD or Fermented without phytase partially degraded InsP₆ in barley grain and increased diet ATTD of DM, CP, and GE, but not SID of CP and most AA in growing pigs. Fermentation with phytase entirely degraded InsP₆ in barley grain and maximized P and Ca digestibility, thereby reducing the need to provide inorganic dietary P to meet P requirements of growing pigs.     

氮磷钾对马铃薯产量和品质影响的研究进展

为了进一步提高马铃薯的产量和品质,简要综述了氮磷钾对马铃薯生长发育过程及产量和品质形成的影响以及马铃薯对其吸收、积累和分配的规律,并总结了影响氮磷钾提高马铃薯产量和品质的因素及肥料类型、合理配比与施肥时期。     

云南省极小种群野生植物保护的优先度分析

我国于1997～2003年完成第1次全国重点保护野生植物资源调查后,为加强珍稀濒危和重点保护野生植物的保护,提出了“极小种群野生植物”的概念。随着极小种群野生植物概念和保护方法的完善,保护行动取得了显著进展,并陆续提出了各种不同的极小种群野生植物名录。本文在总结2005～2013年间云南省和国家林业局提出的所有极小种群野生植物名录基础上,分析了各极小种群野生植物名录的起源和关系,并对保护名录中的物种进行逐个比较。最后,结合国家和省的保护需求,将云南省77种极小种群野生植物分成5级,按优先度实施保护行动：第一批优先保护10个物种,第二批优先保护13个物种,第三批保护15个物种,第四批保护10个物种,第五批保护29个物种,为云南省极小种群野生植物保护提供了指导和参考。     

黔中喀斯特石漠化区次生林树种的经济功能评价及功能群划分

通过构建树种经济功能综合评价指标体系,采用层次分析法（AHP）,对黔中喀斯特次生林中25种优势树种经济功能进行综合评价,并划分树种经济功能群。结果表明,基于AHP评价结果与黔中喀斯特森林树种经济性能现状较为一致, AHP在喀斯特森林树种经济功能综合评价体系构建中是科学且实用的。黔中喀斯特森林25种优势树种分为7个经济功能群：（1）药用-观赏型高经济功能群（ PFGsⅠ）,树种为厚朴、喜树和盐肤木;（2）食用型高经济功能群（PFGsⅡ）,树种为茅栗和木姜子;（3）食用-工业型中经济功能群（PFGsⅢ）,树种有川榛和竹叶椒;（4）食用型中经济功能群（PFGsⅣ）,树种为火棘;（5）工业型中经济功能群（PFGsⅤ）,树种为滇柏、光皮桦、响叶杨等7种;（6）药用-观赏型低经济功能群（PFGsⅥ）,树种为金佛山荚蒾、金丝桃、算盘子等9种;（7）食用型低经济功能群（PFGsⅦ）,树种为粉枝莓。描述了各类经济功能群的基本特征,为研究区生态经济型次生林经营的树种选择、结构优化提供理论依据。     

干旱、半干旱区造林密度及其影响因素研究综述

通过对近年来有关造林密度的研究分析,详细阐述了造林密度与水分平衡的关系;造林密度与近自然造林的关系;造林密度与林种的关系。通过对上述影响因素的研究分析,结合干旱、半干旱地区的实际情况,给出该区域小叶锦鸡儿、胡枝子、油松、樟子松、沙地柏、油蒿等几种常见乔灌木树种造林的合理密度范围,为干旱地区造林绿化提供了理论依据。