Effect of supplementing graded concentrations of non-phytate phosphorus on performance,egg quality and bone mineral variables in White Leghorn layers

1. An experiment was conducted to determine optimal non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) concentrations for White Leghorn (WL) layers (22–72 weeks) fed diet containing 38 g Ca/kg.

2. Eight diets with graded concentrations (1.5–3.25 g/kg in increments of 0.25 g) of NPP were prepared. Each diet was fed to eight pen replicates containing 88 birds in each. Performance data was evaluated in three different phases (phase I-22–37 weeks, phase II-38–53 weeks and phase III-54–72 weeks). Optimum levels of NPP were determined by fitting a quadratic polynomial (QP) regression model.

3. Egg production (EP) was not affected (P = 0.059) by the concentration of NPP and interaction between NPP and diet phase was non-significant, indicating that the lowest concentration (1.5 g/kg diet) of NPP used in the study was adequate across the three phases. However, EP was influenced by phase (P < 0.001).

4. Optimum concentration of NPP for feed intake (FI) was estimated to be 1.5, 1.71 and 2.40 g/kg diet during phases I, II and III, respectively. FI per egg mass (EM) or feed efficiency (FE) responded quadratically with NPP and also differed significantly between phases. Optimum concentration of NPP for FE during phases I, II and III was 1.5, 2.56 and 2.32 g/kg diet, respectively.

5. Egg weight (EW), EM, shell weight and thickness were not affected by NPP concentration although all of these variables (except shell weight) were influenced by phases.

6. Breaking strength of tibia and Ca contents in tibia ash were not affected by the concentration of NPP, but bone ash and P contents in tibia ash were influenced (P < 0.001) by NPP. Predicted optimal concentrations of NPP for responses for tibia ash at 44 or 72 weeks, tibia ash P at 44 weeks and tibia ash P at 72 weeks were 1.55, 2.63 and 1.5 g/kg diet, respectively.

7. Based on the results, it was concluded that WL layers required 1.5 g, 2.63 g and 2.4 g, respectively/kg diet during phase I, II and III with the calculated daily intake of 137.3, 278.3 and 262 mg NPP/b/d.     

湘北红壤性旱瘠田有机,无机肥配合施用效果研究

１９９３－１９９５年在桃源县盘塘乡“湘北红壤试区”旱瘠田设置定位试验。结果表明：有机无机肥配施能够提高土壤有机质和全量养分含量，活化土壤养分，提高土壤肥力，促进水稻对养分的吸收，增加水稻产量。     

长期施肥对黄壤养分及不同形态无机磷的影响

以贵州黄壤长期定位试验为平台,研究不同施肥对黄壤区土壤养分及无机磷组分的影响。结果表明,长期施用化肥(NPK)、有机肥(M)及有机无机配施(NPKM)均可提高土壤表层有机质和速效养分的质量分数,尤其以M处理土壤含有机质、碱解氮及速效钾量变化最为显著,而NPKM处理土壤含速效磷的量最高。长期施肥均能增加黄壤中无机磷组分的累积,以NPKM处理效果最为显著,施肥主要增加了O-P、Al-P、Fe-P的量。不同形态的无机磷量表现为O-PFe-P、Al-PCa_(10)-PCa_2-PCa_8-P,其中Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P与速效磷显著正相关,相关系数在0.681**以上,通过回归方程分析,表明土壤无机磷库中Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Fe-P对黄壤速效磷的量的贡献最大。因此,从长远来看,有机无机配施可以提高黄壤养分及无机磷活性组分的量,维持并提高土壤供磷能力,更有利于黄壤区农业的可持续发展。     

氮磷钾用量对基质培茄子产量、根系形态和根际微生物数量与酶活性的影响

【目的】研究日光温室基质培条件下,不同氮磷钾用量对茄子产量、根系生长和根际基质中微生物数量及酶活性的影响,为基质培茄子氮磷钾养分合理施用提供理论依据。【方法】采用基质槽栽和水肥一体化滴灌方式,以前期试验得到的基质配方沙子:炉渣:菇渣=6:3:1（体积比）为栽培基质,以不施肥处理为对照（CK）,以目标产量施肥量（目标产量施肥量=（目标产量需肥量-基质中速效养分含量）/化肥利用率）设定100%施肥量（F4）,在此基础上,分别减少60%（F1）、40%（F2）、20%（F3）及增加20%（F5）和40%（F6）施肥量,研究氮磷钾用量对茄子产量、根系发育和根际基质微生物数量和酶活性的影响。【结果】茄子单株产量随氮磷钾用量增加呈先增高后降低的趋势,较CK增产幅度为101.1%—212.9%,F3处理下单株产量最高,比CK高212.9%（P<0.05）。根际基质中微生物以细菌为主,其次为放线菌,真菌较少。定植90 d后,随氮磷钾施用量增加,茄子根际基质中速效氮、磷、钾含量逐渐增加,细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,F3处理下均较高,高氮磷钾处理（F4、F5和F6）下脲酶活性较高;根系活力、根系总长度和根系表面积呈先增加后降低的趋势,在F2处理下较高,分别较CK增加109.2%、49.2%和46.5%,差异显著。细菌数量与基质酶活性呈显著正相关,脲酶活性与速效氮、磷、钾含量呈极显著正相关,过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶活性与速效磷、钾含量呈显著正相关;细菌数量、过氧化氢酶活性与根系活力和产量呈极显著正相关,脲酶活性、速效磷、速效钾含量与根系活力和产量呈显著正相关,根系活力与单株产量呈极显著正相关。【结论】在沙子:炉渣:菇渣=6:3:1（体积比）的栽培基质条件下,日光温室冬春茬茄子的适宜氮磷钾用量分别为N 180.6 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 212.1 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 434.9 kg·hm^-2,依此量施肥有利于茄子产量、根系活力和基质微生物数量及酶活性的提高,可为茄子生长提供良好的微生态环境。     

化肥氮磷优化减施对水稻产量和田面水氮磷流失的影响

为探讨氮(N)、磷(P)减量对降低稻田养分地表径流损失风险的影响,以毛里湖稻区为研究对象,连续两年(2016—2017年)进行田间小区试验,研究化肥氮磷优化减施对水稻产量和生长期内田面水N、P动态变化特征及径流流失的影响。结果表明:常规施肥处理(CF)和有机替代20%化肥N处理(0.8FN+0.2ON)稻田田面水总氮(TN)、NH₄⁺-N和总磷(TP)浓度在施肥后迅速达到峰值,之后逐渐下降。而控释氮肥减N处理能有效减缓N素释放速度,田面水N素流失量远低于CF处理,且磷肥减量处理TP流失量低于CF处理。与CF处理相比,控释氮肥减N 20%(0.8N)和控释氮肥+过磷酸钙减量20%(0.8NP)处理水稻两年平均分别增产5.55%、3.22%,N素累积量分别提高19.01%、13.66%,氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高31.94%、28.83%,氮肥农学利用率分别提高47.52%、33.75%,氮肥吸收利用率分别提高95.30%、73.31%。0.8NP处理较0.8N处理水稻磷肥偏生产力两年平均显著提高22.08%,而0.8FN+0.2ON处理较CF处理...     

设施菜地土壤中速效磷是镉生物有效性的关键调控因子

通过田间实地调查与取样分析,运用简单相关、回归方程拟合和主成分分析等方法,研究了关中设施蔬菜种植区土壤中镉(Cd)的生物有效性及其与土壤速效磷含量(AP)、有机质含量(OM)和pH值等土壤基本理化性质的相关性,并研究了各基本理化因子对其的调控作用。结果表明:(1)研究区内设施菜地土壤中镉的有效态含量(DTPA浸提,CdA)与设施菜地土壤中速效磷含量、有机质含量和pH值均存在显著相关关系(P0.05),与土壤阳离子交换量、电导率不相关。(2)通过对土壤有效镉含量和与其呈显著相关关系的土壤基本理化性质指标分别进行回归方程拟合得出:y1[CdA]=0.501 5x1[AP]+0.010 6(R2=0.345 2,P0.01)、y2[CdA]=0.370 7x2[OM]+0.028 6(R2=0.139 0,P0.01)、y3[CdA]=-0.055 2x3[pH]+0.564 1(R2=0.050 9,P0.05),土壤中有效镉含量主要受以上三个因子的影响;通过多元回归方程拟合,土壤有效态镉含量的表达式为y4[CdA]=0.174 8+0.435 2x1[AP]+0.049 0lgx2[OM]-0.013 2x3[pH](R2=0.368 6,P0.01);主成分分析发现,土壤速效磷含量是设施菜地土壤中镉的生物有效性的关键调控因子。(3)研究区蔬菜果实中镉含量与土壤镉有效态含量的相关系数为0.464,高于其与土壤镉全量(CdT)的相关系数(0.387),从食品安全和健康风险控制的角度考虑,在设施菜地土壤污染风险评价中,认为以土壤镉有效态含量替代土壤镉全量可以更准确地表征土壤镉的安全风险。因此,设施蔬菜生产过程中,应严格控制土壤速效磷含量,以降低土壤有效镉含量,从而保证设施蔬菜产品的食品安全。     

Dissolved and colloidal phosphorus fluxes in forest ecosystems—an almost blind spot in ecosystem research

Understanding and quantification of phosphorus (P) fluxes are key requirements for predictions of future forest ecosystems changes as well as for transferring lessons learned from natural ecosystems to croplands and plantations. This review summarizes and evaluates the recent knowledge on mechanisms, magnitude, and relevance by which dissolved and colloidal inorganic and organic P forms can be translocated within or exported from forest ecosystems. Attention is paid to hydrological pathways of P losses at the soil profile and landscape scales, and the subsequent influence of P on aquatic ecosystems. New (unpublished) data from the German Priority Program 1685 “Ecosystem Nutrition: Forest Strategies for limited Phosphorus Resources” were added to provide up‐to‐date flux‐based information. Nitrogen (N) additions increase the release of water‐transportable P forms. Most P found in percolates and pore waters belongs to the so‐called dissolved organic P (DOP) fractions, rich in orthophosphate‐monoesters and also containing some orthophosphate‐diesters. Total solution P concentrations range from ca. 1 to 400 µg P L^?1, with large variations among forest stands. Recent sophisticated analyses revealed that large portions of the DOP in forest stream water can comprise natural nanoparticles and fine colloids which under extreme conditions may account for 40–100% of the P losses. Their translocation within preferential flow passes may be rapid, mediated by storm events. The potential total P loss through leaching into subsoils and with streams was found to be less than 50 mg P m^?2 a^?1, suggesting effects on ecosystems at centennial to millennium scale. All current data are based on selected snapshots only. Quantitative measurements of P fluxes in temperate forest systems are nearly absent in the literature, probably due to main research focus on the C and N cycles. Therefore, we lack complete ecosystem‐based assessments of dissolved and colloidal P fluxes within and from temperate forest systems.     

修剪与施氮对板栗叶片N、P营养及产量的影响

为探究修剪与施氮量对板栗树体叶片氮磷含量、氮磷比、产量、单粒重及出实率的影响,明确适宜当地板栗的修剪与施氮量的最佳组合,以13年生的板栗燕山早丰为试验对象,采用双因素随机区组试验,研究修剪强度(每平方米投影面积留结果母枝17~18、14~15和11~12个,分别记为X₁、X₂和X₃)与施氮量(施氮为0、375、750 kg·hm^-2,分别记为N₀、N₁和N₂,施磷均为164 kg·hm^-2,施钾为311 kg·hm^-2)的交互作用对板栗叶片氮磷含量、氮磷比、产量、单粒重及出实率的影响。结果表明,N₁(中等氮肥)和X₂(中等修剪)条件下叶片氮含量、结果枝叶片氮磷比、产量、单粒重及出实率最高。X₂N₁、X₁N₂处理的叶片氮磷含量及产量均较高,且2个处理的结果枝叶片氮含量及产量差异显著;X₃N₀处理的产量不高,但其单粒重和出实率均较高。其中,X₂N₁处理的结果枝及营养枝的叶片氮含量(23.179、23.650 g·kg^-1)、结果枝叶片氮磷比(13.67)、产量(3 502.80 kg·hm^-2)、单粒重(8.26 g)和出实率(41.48%)均为最高。板栗树体需氮量随着修剪强度的增强(即单位面积留枝量的减少)而降低,修剪与施氮量2种措施之间具有协同性。从叶片氮磷含量及产量等指标综合考虑,X₂N₁处理是当地修剪与施肥的最佳组合。综上,中等修剪强度配合中等氮肥在增加叶片营养的基础上,保证了板栗的单粒重和产量。本研究为迁西地区板栗高产栽培提供了理论依据。     

漳河灌区农田地表排水中磷素流失特征分析

:为了揭示农田面源污染的机理及其成因,该文选取湖北省漳河灌区的典型试验田作为试验对象,在田间试验结果进行分析的基础上,研究了水稻和玉米2种作物在不同处理方式下农田排水磷素流失的影响因子及其规律。试验结果表明,降雨强度、作物类型、农业耕作管理方式（包括灌溉施肥方式等）是农田磷素流失的主要影响因素;另外,土壤物理化学特性和地形地势等也在一定程度上影响农田磷素的流失。     

粤北低山坡地营造梯田对土壤磷组分及有效性的影响

[目的]探明粤北低山坡地营造梯田对土壤磷形态分布特征和有效性的影响.[方法]选择该区域花岗岩发育的自然林地(FL)、旱作梯田(UT)和稻作梯田(PT)土壤为对象,对土壤剖面不同土层理化性质、磷组分含量及有效性进行测定.[结果]与自然林地FL相比,旱作梯田UT和稻作梯田PT土壤0～20 cm土层有效磷和磷活化系数(PAC...