Simplified Soil Analysis Procedure for Use in Small‐Scale Agriculture

Abstract

Soil analysis for small‐scale farms in developing countries is often inconvenient and prohibitively expensive using currently available procedures, yet the information gained from these soil tests could result in economical and environmental benefits. The pressurized hot water (PHW) extraction coupled with colorimetric or turbidimetric analysis shows promise as a viable alternative based on tests done on a limited range of soils. Before this extraction and analysis can be used in developing countries, testing is needed across the range of soils found in these countries. At Brigham Young University (BYU), 228 soils from different areas of Guatemala and Morocco were analyzed for NO₃‐N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) using standard methods (water–CTA, Olsen–molybdic acid, and ammonium acetate–atomic absorption, respectively). Results were correlated to values obtained from the PHW extraction coupled with colorimetric or turbidimetric analytical procedures. The relationships between the values for these tests were good (r² of 0.96, 0.71, and 0.52 for NO₃‐N, P, and K, respectively). Soils from each country were concurrently analyzed for NO₃‐N and P in laboratories in Guatemala and Morocco, and these results were correlated with those from BYU. Positive correlations between BYU values and those from other laboratories were obtained, with the data from the Guatemalan laboratory showing overall closer correlation than the Moroccan laboratory. In an additional study comparing several P extraction methods for Guatemalan soils, relationships between PHW‐extracted P and Olsen‐, Bray I‐, and Mehlich I‐extracted P and measured at BYU (r² of 0.75, 0.67, and 0.46, respectively) indicate that PHW is a promising alternative P extraction for use even with the highly variable soils of Guatemala. Overall, the data support PHW extraction and accompanying analyses as a less expensive alternative to current soil nutrient extraction and analysis procedures for the soils of Morocco and Guatemala.     

红枣树氮、磷、钾吸收与累积年周期变化规律

以6年树龄红枣树为试材,采用刨根、分解取样的方法,研究了年周期内各器官的生物量、氮、磷、钾含量和氮磷钾累积量变化动态.结果表明,红枣各器官中干物质、氮、磷、钾的积累均随生育期的推进呈增长趋势,从果实膨大期到果实成熟期均有一个急剧的上升过程.红枣树单株生物量年增加3908.5 g,氮、磷和钾年总吸收积累量分别为70.5、...     

应用地理标记语言的土地利用数据共享研究

在当前网络环境下,土地利用数据面临实时共享问题。正如XML是Internet上信息表示和数据交换的标准一样,OGC提出的基于XML编码的空间信息表达规范GML,是目前网络中空间数据的交换、共享与互操作的事实标准。依据国家标准GML 3.2.1规范,通过对土地利用要素以及要素之间的关系进行分析,设计了土地利用要素的GML应用模式。根据定义的应用模式,实现了GML实例数据的生成。基于C#语言、文档对象模型（DOM）和XML查询语言（XPath）开发了一个基于GML的土地利用GIS查询系统,该系统实现了GML土地利用数据的显示、浏览和查询等基本功能。基于WFS 1.1.0版本规范设计并发布了一个GML土地利用数据服务。研究和实践表明,GML可以表达土地利用数据,并有利于实现土地利用数据共享。     

RFID在农业中的应用

无线射频识别（RFID）技术是自动识别技术的一种高级形式,被认为是21世纪的十大重要技术之一,在生产制作、销售流通、公共安全等领域正被广泛使用,是我国大力扶持的一个项目,在农业上的应用还处于尝试探索阶段。详细介绍了RFID这项技术,并对其在农业上的应用现状和前景作了分析。     

工业型城乡交错区土壤重金属含量及其空间分异的特征-以无锡典型城乡交错区为例

Phosphorus （P） is necessary for growth and nitrogen fixation, and thus its deficiency is a major factor limiting legume production in most agricultural soils. The effect of phosphorus supply on nodule development and its role in soybeans （Glycine max L.） was studied in a nutrient solution. Plants were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and grown for 35 days in a glasshouse at a day and night temperature of 25℃ and 15℃, respectively. Although increasing P supply increased the concentrations of P and N in the shoots and roots, the external P supply did not significantly affect the P concentration in the nodules, and the N fixed per unit nodule biomass decreased with increasing P supply. The nitrogen content in the shoots correlated well with the P content （r=0.92＊＊）. At an inoculation level of 10^2 cells mL^-1, the P supply did not affect the number of nodules; however, at inoculation levels of 10^3.5 and 10^5 cells mL^-1, increasing P supply increased both the number and size of nodules. Irrespective of the inoculation level, increasing P supply increased the nodule biomass relative to the biomass of the host plant. It is suggested that the P deficiency specifically inhibited the nodule development and thereby the total N2 fixation.     

施肥对饲草高粱生长及营养品质的影响

研究施用氮、磷,钾肥对饲草高粱生长及营养品质动态的影响结果表明,氮肥、磷肥和钾肥配合施用可大幅提高饲草高粱生物产量,增加饲草高粱植株粗蛋白质、粗纤维和粗脂肪的单位面积产出量;氮素是影响高粱生物产量的首要养分因素,其次为磷素,第三是钾素;饲草高粱植株高度以及粗蛋白质、粗纤维和粗脂肪含量的变化规律,主要取决于品种特性;施肥主要通过影响饲草高粱生物产量,对饲草高粱植株粗蛋白质、粗纤维和粗脂肪的单位面积产出量产生作用.从饲草高粱的生物产量和品质综合考虑,确定饲草高粱的适宜收割期,以开花末期至成熟中期之间为宜,过早收割饲草高粱生物产量较低,过晚收割则饲草高粱生物产量较低且品质变劣.     

安徽省油菜磷肥施用效果及土壤有效磷丰缺指标研究

为了解油菜磷肥施用效果及土壤有效磷丰缺指标,选择安徽省典型油菜产区,开展多年多点田间小区试验,设置不施磷和施磷2个处理,研究施用磷肥对安徽省冬油菜产量、增产效果和经济效益的影响,并通过建立油菜籽粒相对产量和土壤有效磷含量的关系,确定土壤有效磷丰缺指标。结果表明,油菜施用磷肥增产增收效果明显。油菜施磷后的产量平均为2 571 kg/hm~2,增产量和增产率分别为672 kg/hm~2和41.5%。施磷每公顷增收2 012元,89.6%的试验点产投比2.0,施磷收益显著。以相对产量60%,60%~75%,75%~90%,90%~95%和95%为标准,将土壤有效磷分成"严重缺乏"、"缺乏"、"轻度缺乏"、"适宜"和"丰富"5级,对应的丰缺指标为6.5、6.5~13.0、13.0~26.5、26.5~34.0和34.0 mg/kg。该研究结果为水稻田冬油菜的磷肥管理提供依据。     

川中丘陵春玉米适宜钾肥用量研究

【目的】采用两年田间定位试验,探讨施钾量对川中丘陵春玉米产量、 钾素吸收和利用特性的影响规律,以期为川中丘陵高产春玉米的钾肥管理提供科学依据。【方法】以正红505为试验材料,在施N 225 kg/hm2、 P2O5 90 kg/hm2的基础上,设置5个施钾量(K2O)处理,分别为0、 45、 90、 135、 180 kg/hm2,每个处理3次重复,完全随机区组设计。在玉米大喇叭口期、 吐丝期、 灌浆期(吐丝后21天)和成熟期采集植株样品,测定干物质积累量和器官含钾量,并计算植株钾积累量、 钾素利用和转运,在玉米成熟期测定玉米产量。【结果】随施钾量的增加春玉米产量、 钾素农学利用率先升高后逐渐降低,钾生理效率、 钾素利用效率和钾素当季回收率随施钾量的增加呈降低趋势,钾素吸收效率、 钾肥偏生产力随施钾量的增加显著降低,增施钾肥对钾素收获指数影响不显著。通过二次曲线模拟,在施钾量为K2O 96.1 kg/hm2时玉米产量最高,达到最高产量时,每生产100 kg玉米籽粒需吸收K2O 1.55 kg。玉米植株对钾素的吸收主要在吐丝之前,其吸收量占全生育期总量的72.7%~88.9%,灌浆初期也仍有较大量的吸收积累; 籽粒中的钾素大部分来源于营养器官的转移,施用钾肥促进了钾素向籽粒的转运。【结论】本试验条件下,川中丘陵春玉米施K2O为90 kg/hm2左右时,可获得较高钾肥利用率,并获得高产。     

Nodulation and root growth increase in lower soil layers of water‐limited faba bean intercropped with wheat

Below‐ground niche complementarity in legume–cereal intercrops may improve resource use efficiency and root adaptability to environmental constraints. However, the effect of water limitation on legume rooting and nodulation patterns in intercropping is poorly understood. To advance our knowledge of mechanisms involved in water‐limitation response, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown as mono‐ and intercrops in soil‐filled plexiglass rhizoboxes under water sufficiency (80% of water‐holding capacity) and water limitation (30% of water‐holding capacity). We examined whether intercropping facilitates below‐ground niche complementarity under water limitation via interspecific root stratification coupled with modified nodulation patterns. While no significant treatment effects were measured in intercropped wheat growth parameters, water limitation induced a decrease in shoot and root biomass of monocropped wheat. Likewise, shoot biomass and height, and root length of monocropped faba bean significantly decreased under water limitation. Conversely, water limitation stimulated root biomass of intercropped faba bean in the lower soil layer (15–30 cm soil depth). Similarly, total nodule number of faba bean roots as well as nodule number in the lower soil layer increased under intercropping regardless of water availability. Under water limitation, intercropping also led to a significant increased nodule biomass (48%) in the lower soil layer as compared to monocropping. The enhanced nodulation in the lower soil layer and the associated increase in root and shoot growth provides evidence for a shift in niche occupancy when intercropped with wheat, which improves water‐limited faba bean performance.     

改进施氮运筹对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】秸秆还田不仅可改良土壤和增加土壤有机质,还能提高作物产量和品质。但秸秆还田后,土壤有机酸积累和微生物固氮,抑制水稻前期生长。在长江流域稻麦两熟地区,当地农户往往通过增加施氮量来解决秸秆还田的负效应,造成肥料浪费和氮污染。因此,探索研究秸秆还田条件下水稻优化的氮肥运筹措施,阐明水稻产量形成和氮素吸收与利用对氮素响应特征,对于提高水稻产量和氮素利用效率具有重要意义。【方法】2012 2013年,以超级粳稻武运粳24号和宁粳3号为材料,在江苏省兴化市进行大田试验,在秸秆全量还田条件下,设置常规施氮300 kg/hm2(N1)、增加施氮量345 kg/hm2(N2)和常规施氮运筹(CFP,基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=3∶3∶4)、改进施氮运筹(MFP,基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶3∶3),以无氮处理为对照,研究施氮量和氮肥运筹措施对水稻产量及其产量构成、干物质积累、氮素积累、氮素吸收速率和氮肥利用效率的影响。【结果】随着氮肥水平提高,水稻穗数显著增加,每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重下降,最终增产不显著。与常规施氮运筹比较,改进氮肥运筹显著增加穗数,显著提高群体颖花量并增产,在N1水平下,改进施氮运筹增产幅度为5.18%7.10%,高于N2水平的2.70%4.29%。随着施氮量增加,水稻分蘖中期、拔节期、移栽期至分蘖中期、分蘖中期至拔节期干物质积累量、氮素积累量显著增加,最终成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量有所增加,但差异不显著,而氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率和氮偏肥生产力显著下降。与常规氮运筹处理相比,改进氮运筹显著增加水稻移栽期至分蘖中期干物质积累量、氮素积累量和氮素吸收速率,增加成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量,提高氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮偏肥生产力,在N1水平下成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量分别增加6.52%和5.55%,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮偏肥生产力分别提高13.36%、8.55%、4.44%和5.29%,差异均达显著水平。【结论】秸秆全量还田条件下,增加氮肥用量水稻增产不显著,且氮肥利用效率低。不增加氮肥用量,通过适当提高基肥比例(基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=4∶3∶3),可实现提高水稻产量、干物质积累量、氮素积累量和氮肥利用效率。