成灰温度对三种生物质灰及其元素水溶性的影响

生物质灰及灰中化学元素的水溶特性是其是否能作为肥料应用的主要指标,成灰温度会影响这些特性。该文试验研究了成灰温度在400~800℃范围内,3种主要农业废弃物麦秸、玉米秸、稻壳的灰的水溶性和灰中各元素的水溶性。结果表明:1)麦秸灰、玉米秸灰的水溶性明显高于稻壳灰,三者水溶性都随成灰温度增高而显著降低,温度从400升高到800℃,水溶性分别从48%,35%和12%降至约12%,8%和0。2)灰中水溶元素主要有K,Cl和S,其中,K和Cl的水溶性随着成灰温度升高而降低,而S的水溶性几乎不受成灰温度的影响。     

湘北红壤性旱瘠田有机,无机肥配合施用效果研究

１９９３－１９９５年在桃源县盘塘乡“湘北红壤试区”旱瘠田设置定位试验。结果表明：有机无机肥配施能够提高土壤有机质和全量养分含量，活化土壤养分，提高土壤肥力，促进水稻对养分的吸收，增加水稻产量。     

钾、锌肥与氮肥配施对油菜体内硝酸盐累积的影响

:采用盆栽试验方法探讨了钾、锌肥与氮肥配施对不同生育期油菜体内硝酸盐累积量及与其相关的硝酸还原酶 (NR)活性的影响。结果表明 ,施氮肥是使硝酸盐含量明显增加的主要原因 ,适量氮、钾、锌肥配施能明显提高油菜体内NR活性和显著降低其硝酸盐累积 ,油菜体内硝酸盐含量与NR活性呈显著负相关。在氮肥用量较高时 ,钾肥和锌肥降低油菜体内硝酸盐含量的作用在生长后期尤其明显。     

根区孔下滴灌施肥对新疆红枣产量品质和氮磷钾利用影响

选择合理的滴灌施肥方式是实现果园节水减肥的技术关键。该研究分析比较了地表滴灌和根区孔下滴灌施肥对新疆南疆地区红枣生长和氮磷钾吸收的影响,以期为提高果园水肥利用效率提供理论依据。试验设置常规地表滴灌和根区孔下滴灌施肥2种灌溉方式,比较其对红枣营养状况、根系生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,与常规地表滴灌施肥相比,在相同水肥供给条件下,根区孔下滴灌施肥处理红枣2 a平均产量比地表滴灌施肥处理显著提高(P0.05),增产幅度为6.9%,单果干质量达5.04 g。2 a红枣果实品质结果显示,根区孔下滴肥处理总糖、还原糖和粗脂肪含量显著高于地表滴灌处理(P0.05)。该根区孔下滴灌施肥方式显著增加红枣树体各器官对养分的吸收(P0.05),其中2011年根区孔下滴灌施肥处理红枣叶片中N、P和K含量分别比地表滴灌施肥处理增加6.7%、33.6%和7.3%,2012年红枣叶片中N和P含量差异显著(P0.05),比地表滴灌分别高3.4%和26.8%。根区孔下滴灌施肥处理红枣果实中P、K含量显著高于地表滴灌施肥处理(P0.05),2011年和2012年分别比地表滴灌高41.0%、13.6%和46.2%、12.9%;2012年根区孔下滴灌施肥处理叶片、新梢、细根和果实中P累积量显著高于地表滴灌相应器官P累积量(P0.05),相比于地表滴灌分别提高38.2%、70.7%、159.8%和55.3%,根区孔下滴肥处理的吸收根干物质质量比地表滴灌增加46.7%。根区孔下滴肥的水肥管理方式可以显著增加根系生物量、提高枣树器官养分含量、增加红枣产量和提高肥料的利用效率,研究结果可为今后果园的节水减肥田间管理提供参考。     

Effect of long-term manuring and fertilizers on carbon pools,soil structure,and sustainability under different cropping systems in wet-temperate zone of northwest Himalayas

We investigated C management index (CMI; an indicator of sustainability of a management system and is based on total and labile C) and soil aggregation in medium-textured soils (silt loam and silty clay loam) under different cropping systems as follows: maize-wheat (M-W), rice-wheat (R-W), soybean-wheat (S-W), Guinea grass, and Setaria grass. Field experiments were 6–32 years long and were located in the wet-temperate zone of northwest Himalayas. The plant nutrients were applied through chemical fertilizers (urea, superphosphate, and muriate of potash) with or without organic materials (FYM, wheat straw, and Lantana spp.). The content of total C (C_T), labile C (C_L), CMI, mean weight diameter (MWD), and aggregate porosity varied significantly under different cropping systems. The range was 1.59 (R-W)–4.29% (Setaria) for C_T, 1.23 (R-W)–3.89 mg/kg (Guinea grass) for C_L, 52.09 (R-W)–129.77 (Guinea grass) for CMI, 0.90 (R-W)–5.09 (Guinea grass) for MWD, and 41.5 (R-W)–56.8% (S-W) for aggregate porosity. Aggregate porosity was highest (56.8%) under S-W, followed by grasses (50.1–51.2%), and M/R-W (41.5–50.0%). As per these data, (a) continuous use of N alone as urea lowered soil sustainability over control (no fertilizers); (b) use of NPK at recommended rates improved soil productivity over control; (c) the NPK + organic amendments further improved soil sustainability; and (d) the sustainability under different cropping systems followed the order: perennial grasses > soybean-wheat > maize-wheat > rice-wheat.     

不同水肥组合对冬小麦产量的影响

试验于2007/2008年度在北京市昌平区进行,采用5因子4水平的田间试验方案研究不同氮磷钾、有机肥和灌水量的组合对小麦产量的影响。方差分析表明,各因素对产量的影响顺序为氮肥灌水钾肥有机肥磷肥,同时存在交互作用;水分和产量成较好的正相关,有机肥对产量的提高虽然不如氮肥、钾肥和灌水,但是对产量的影响也达到了极显著水平;在各种组合中,以施氮量为75kg.hm-2配合12000kg.hm-2的有机肥、75kg.hm-2的磷肥、150kg.hm-2的钾肥以及3000kg.hm-2灌水量处理的产量较高,为本年度最佳水肥组合。     

Effect of spring fertilization on ecosystem services of organic wheat and clover relay intercrops

Nitrogen (N) deficiency and weed infestation are main factors limiting yield and yield stability in organic wheat. Organic fertilizers may be used to improve crop performance but off-farm input costs tend to limit profitability. Instead, forage legumes may be inserted into the crop rotation to improve the N balance and to control weed infestation. In opposition to simultaneous cropping, relay intercropping of legumes in organic winter wheat limits resource competition for the legume cover crop, without decreasing the performance of the associated wheat.The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of spring organic fertilization on the performance of intercropped legumes and wheat, and on services provided by the legume cover.Two species of forage legumes (Trifolium pratense L. and Trifolium repens L.) were undersown in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Lona) in five organic fields during two consecutive crop seasons. Organic fertilizer was composed of feather meal and applied on wheat at legume sowing. The cover crop was maintained after the wheat harvest and destroyed just before sowing maize.Spring organic nitrogen fertilization increased wheat biomass (+35%), nitrogen (+49%), grain yield (+40%) and protein content (+7%) whatever the intercropping treatment. At wheat harvest, red clover biomass was significantly higher than white clover one (1.4 vs. 0.7 t ha⁻¹). Nitrogen fertilization decreased forage legume above-ground biomass at wheat harvest, at approximately 0.5 t ha⁻¹ whatever the specie. No significant difference in forage legume biomass production was observed at cover killing. Nitrogen accumulation in legume above-ground tissues was significantly higher for white clover than for red clover. Both red and white clover species significantly decreased weed infestation at this date. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased weed biomass whatever the intercropping treatment and decreased nitrogen accumulation in both clover species (−12%).We demonstrated that nitrogen fertilization increased yield of wheat intercropped with forage legume while the performance of legumes was decreased. Legume growth was modified by spring fertilization whatever the species.     

Effects of Continuous Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Manure on Soil Fertility and Productivity of Maize–Wheat under Rainfed Conditions of the Western Himalayas

Long-term effects of continuous use of chemical fertilizers and manure on soil fertility and productivity of a maize–wheat system were investigated in the ongoing long-term fertilizer experiment, during rabi (2007–2008) and kharif (2008) seasons at the research farm of Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University–Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Dhaulakuan. After 16 cropping cycles, bulk density decreased in plots where farmyard manure (FYM) was applied, whereas pH decreased in all the treatments. The organic carbon content of the soil increased in all the treatments except 100% nitrogen (N). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased in all the treatments over the initial status of the soil. Available N showed buildup over the initial status in most of the treatments. Available phosphorus (P) declined from initial status in treatments where only N was applied alone or with FYM. There was reduction in available potassium (K) status in all the treatments except 100% NPK. Continuous addition of FYM with balanced application of inorganic fertilizers improved content of exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) over initial status compared to imbalanced application of fertilizers. Continuous use of imbalanced inorganic fertilizers resulted in lesser crop yields and nutrient uptake compared to that with the application of balanced dose of inorganic fertilizers with FYM.     

有机肥与无机肥配施对菜地土壤N2O排放及其来源的影响

该研究采用同位素自然丰度法,通过室内培养试验研究北京地区菜地有机肥和无机肥配施对土壤释放N2O及同位素位嗜值SP（site preference）的影响,以期获得不同肥料及其配比下土壤N2O的来源及变化规律。结果表明：施用无机肥释放的N2O显著高于有机肥,其累积排放量是有机肥的6.63倍,且无机肥施用比例越高,排放量越大;各肥料组合在施用后7天内均以反硝化作用生成N2O为主,贡献最高达到78.89%,SP为6.97‰,之后硝化作用逐渐增强并成为主要途径,最高占比达76.48%,SP为25.24‰;培养期内施用无机肥可以促进反硝化作用,平均占比52.98%,SP为15.52‰,而有机肥会使硝化作用增强,平均占比71.35%,SP为23.55‰。因此,在北京潮褐土地区菜地土壤施用有机肥对N2O有良好的减排效果,可为蔬菜生产中肥料的合理应用提供科学依据。     

中国农田小麦和玉米产量时空演变及驱动因素

探究中国小麦和玉米产量的时空变化特征和关键驱动因素,为粮食安全战略决策提供理论依据。基于农业农村部近30年（825个点位,1988－2019年）全国农田监测数据,分析了小麦和玉米产量的时空变化特征,利用逐步回归和随机森林模型探究施肥、气候和土壤属性对产量变化的影响,最后通过偏最小二乘法探究各指标影响产量变化的主要调控路径。结果表明,近30年,小麦、玉米单作和二者轮作下平均产量分别为5.05、9.05、6.01和7.08 t/hm2,相应的变异系数为36.6%、26.2%、32.1%和28.0%,相应作物产量随时间的增加速率分别为100、159、46和98 kg/(hm2·a)（P<0.05）。同其他作物轮作下的小麦产量、变异系数和变化速率分别为5.29 t/hm2、28.6%和67 kg/(hm2·a)（P<0.001）。高产玉米主要分布在西北（单作）和华北地区（与小麦轮作）;高产小麦主要分布在同玉米轮作下的长江下游和华北地区。西南地区小麦和玉米产量最低。除了西南和长江中游地区小麦玉米轮作下的小麦产量随监测时间延长呈负增长,其他各区域及全国尺度上的产量均呈正增长。逐步回归结果表明：氮肥对小麦和玉米产量的调控作用均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,而土壤pH的调控作用均未达到极显著水平。针对不同区域而言,随机森林结果显示：除了气候和氮肥的重要性以外,有机质在大部分区域（尤其是西南地区）对产量变化的重要性较大,而钾肥对华北和西北地区的玉米产量变化的重要性较大。通过偏最小二乘法分析发现,土壤属性、肥料投入和气候三者对产量调控的总效应分别为47.6%、29.4%和23.0%,气候主要是通过影响土壤属性和施肥进而调控作物产量。近30年中国小麦和玉米产量整体上呈不断增加趋势,但是西南和长江中游地区小麦玉米轮作下小麦产量随时间呈降低趋势,需引起重视。土壤性质对小麦和玉米产量变化的影响高于施肥和气候,除了氮肥是调控各区域作物产量的关键因素以外,华北、东北和西北地区在种植玉米时还应当重视钾肥合理的投入,而西南地区应当将提升土壤有机质和有效磷含量作为实现高产稳产的主要措施。