转变管理职能 促进林业发展——关于易县林业站配置情况及运行机制的调查与思考

通过对易县乡(镇)林业站配置现状及运行机制的调查研究认为,易县乡(镇)林业站只有转变管理职能,健全运行机制,走“林业管理,生产服务,经济实体”三位一体的发展道路,才能适应和促进林业社会主义市场经济的发展。     

从社会林业到社区林业

30多年前出现的社会林业 ,以其与传统林业的概念和模式不同的参与性特点而为广大群众接受和理解 ,如今随着这种经营管理形式的不断完善 ,深入发展和对参与主体的更为关注 ,以及出于对词义正确性的考虑 ,国际上已普遍使用“社区林业”来表达和称谓。除此之外 ,社会林业向社区林业转变的内涵和本质还包括管理机制的转变 ;管理技术的转变 ;观念的转变。     

An ex-post methodology for measuring poor people's participation in social forestry: an example from Java, Indonesia

One of the key goals of social forestry is to involve the poor as project beneficiaries. It is possible to measure the degree of attainment of this goal by collecting socioeconomic data before and after project implementation. This approach cannot be applied at the many sites where ex-ante data were never gathered. This article proposes a methodology for evaluating the degree of inclusion of the poor in social forestry using ex-post data alone. Longitudinal analysis is approximated through the use of ‘slow change’ socioeconomic variables and through logistic regression. The methodology is illustrated with data on the Java Social forestry Program. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

上市旅游企业社会责任与财务绩效的关系研究

基于利益相关者理论 ,以上市旅游企业为研究对象 ,从股东、债权人、员工、政府、公益和游客6个方面评价了旅游企业社会责任 ,运用我国22家上市旅游企业2008~2012年的相关数据 ,研究了旅游企业社会责任与财务绩效之间的关系.研究结果表明 :旅游企业履行社会责任对企业的财务绩效有积极的促进作用.     

三明社会林业可持续发展对策研究

社会林业是一种新型的林业组织形式 ,是加速林业结构调整 ,推进部门办林业向社会办林业转变 ,实现林业跨越式发展的重要途径。通过对三明社会林业发展现状的调查研究 ,针对当前发展中存在的问题 ,从观念认识、产权制度、林政管理、税费政策、社会化服务体系等方面 ,提出有效促进社会林业可持续发展的对策     

Degenerate slave‐makers,but nevertheless slave‐makers? Host worker relatedness in the ant Myrmoxenus kraussei

Socially parasitic ants of the formicoxenine genus Myrmoxenus exhibit considerable diversity in colony structure and life history. While some species are active slave‐makers with many workers and others are workerless ‘murder‐parasites,’ Myrmoxenus kraussei is considered as a ‘degenerate slave‐maker’ because of its very low worker numbers. Here, we document that Temnothorax recedens host workers in single colonies of M. kraussei from Lago di Garda, Italy, exhibit significantly more genetic diversity than workers in unparasitized colonies. This raises the possibility that, despite its low worker numbers, M. kraussei may actively engage in slave raids in nature.     

突发事件对高校思想政治教育的启示

分析突发事件给高校思想政治教育工作带来的挑战;指出突发事件给思想政治教育开展提供了良好的契机;提出加强对突发事件特点与规律的研究,做好预防措施的建议。     

青少年心理素质与自杀意念:一个有调节的中介模型

为探讨心理素质、领悟社会支持、负性生活事件与青少年自杀意念的关系及内在作用机制,建立了一个有调节作用的中介模型,并采用中学生心理素质量表、领悟社会支持量表、青少年生活事件量表和青少年自杀意念量表对全国2 035名中学生进行调查.结果显示:①青少年心理素质对自杀意念有显著的正向预测作用;②心理素质既可以直接影响青少年自杀意念,也可以通过领悟社会支持间接对自杀意念产生影响;③负性生活事件对该中介模型起到了调节作用,即负性生活事件较多时,心理素质和领悟社会支持对自杀意念的负向预测作用更强.认为领悟社会支持在心理素质与青少年自杀意念的关系中起部分中介作用,且该中介过程会受到负性生活事件的调节作用.     

MAKING SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SUSTAINABLE: FROM COERCION AND CONTROL TO PARTNERSHIPS AND PARTICIPATION

For close to a century, rural development policies and practice have taken the view that farmers are mismanagers of soil and water. This paper reviews the history of farmers being advised, paid and forced to adopt new soil and water conservation measures and practices. Many have done so, and environments and economies have benefited in the short term, but ill-conceived policies and badly designed programmes and projects have undermined these efforts in the name of conservation. Most efforts have been remarkably unsuccessful, often resulting in more erosion. They have undermined the credibility of conservation and wasted huge sums of money. For a new era of soil and water conservation, new initiatives are showing how to make conservation sustainable. Farmers are now considered the potential solution rather than the problem, and so the value of local knowledge and skills is being put at the core of new programmes. This involves a major focus on building farmers' capacity to innovate and develop technologies appropriate to their own conditions. Local organizations are strengthened through participatory processes, this participation being interactive and empowering. Recent evidence is indicating that these new interactions between professionals and farmers are producing considerable productive and sustainable benefits. For widespread impact, enabling policy frameworks are still needed to encourage the spread of more sustainable practices for agriculture. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Social and economic factors affecting the adoption of soil and water conservation in West Usambara highlands,Tanzania

Accelerated soil erosion is one of the major constraints to agricultural production in many parts of the Tanzanian highlands. Although several soil and water conservation technologies have been developed and promoted, the adoption of many recommended measures is minimal and soil erosion continues to be a problem. This research was conducted in order to determine the social and economic factors that influence adoption of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures in the West Usambara highlands, Tanzania. For this research a household survey, group discussions and transect walks were undertaken. A total of 104 households were interviewed and several fields were visited during the transect walks. Data was analysed with the use of cross‐tabulation, cluster analysis, factor analysis and chi‐squared methods. The results obtained indicate that involvement in off‐farm activities, insecure land tenure, location of fields and a lack of short‐term benefits from SWC are among the major factors that negatively influence adoption of SWC measures. Membership in farmer groups, level of education, contacts with extension agents and SWC programmes were found to be positively influencing the adoption of SWC measures. Recommendations to facilitate adoption of different SWC measures include: integration of social and economic factors into SWC plans; the creation of more awareness among farmers of soil‐erosion effects and long‐term benefits of SWC; the development of flexible SWC measures to cater for different farm patterns and a participatory approach to SWC at catchment level rather than at individual farmers' fields. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.