土壤导气率瞬态模型关键参数s简化求解

Li Hailong瞬态导气率模型无需测量通过样品的气体通量,相对传统稳态测量法具有测量时间短、对样品结构破坏小等突出优点,但模型的关键参数s即样品密封端压力动态变化与时间t之间关系计算过程复杂,致使其应用不便.因此,本文在Li Hailong导气率测算模型基础上对参数s计算过程进行了简化,并用稳态法对简化后的模型进行验证.室内对40组土样导气率测量结果表明:简化解s0即Lnp (t)与时间t之间存在Kirkham提出的瞬态模型线性关系;以原模型参数s为标准,简化解s0与参数s相对误差变化幅度小于0.5％,整体相对误差小.     

高密度CO2处理对E. coli细胞膜渗透性的影响

以E. coli菌悬液为研究对象,通过测定高密度CO₂处理(DPCD)后E. coli上清液中蛋白质、核酸、Mg2+、K+离子和丙二醛的含量,辅助透射电镜观察,研究DPCD 对E. coli细胞膜渗透性的影响。在7MPa、37℃条件下,E. coli经高密度CO₂处理10min后,99%以上的E. coli失活,同时研究发现蛋白质、核酸及Mg2+、K+离子等胞内物质均发生了不同程度的泄漏,丙二醛含量增加,E. coli胞内物质密度降低。密度CO₂处理造成E. coli细胞膜渗透性的增加,这也是导致E. coli死亡的原因之一。     

一种模拟土壤养分提取及及植物吸收的装置研究

In situ evaluating the availability of soil nutrients has been a challenge. In this study, a new type of Device for Simulating Soil Nutrient Extraction and Plant Uptake (DSSNEPU) and its operating procedures were introduced. The device consists of a sampling tube, a fluid supply system, a low pressure system, a tube sheath and an elution cylinder. The sampling tube was firstly soaked in the solution of 0.5 mol L 1 NaHCO 3 and then buried into soils. The fluid supply system was connected to the sampling tube and the deionized water was supplied. During the period, low pressure system started a vacuum for 3 min every 10 min interval. After extraction, the sampling tube was removed and the nutrients on the sampling tube were eluted with 0.5 mol L 1 HCl. The elution solution was used for nutrient measurement. The amounts of P and K extracted by DSSNEPU reached the maximal values after 4 h. No significant increases of P and K were observed for longer extraction duration. The optimal temperature for extracting P and K was 30 C in this experiment. Extracted P and K were increased by 83.3% and 84.6% with the employment of low pressure system in comparison to those without employing low pressure system. Correlation analysis indicated that P and K extracted by DSSNEPU were highly correlated with those by conventional chemical extraction and by plant uptake. The above results suggest that this device is applicable to assess the availability of nutrients in soils.     

铝合金温室拱形ETFE膜屋面抗风性能分析

为分析铝合金结构拱形ETFE(乙烯-四氟乙烯热塑性聚合物)膜屋面的抗风性能,提高其设计的安全性,该文根据单轴拉伸试验数据,确定了ETFE薄膜材料的力学参数和应力应变关系;基于几何非线性有限元理论,推导了膜单元的基本方程;利用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS,采用支座提升法对骨架式拱形ETFE屋面进行了找形分析,建立了用于荷载分析的计算模型;对拱形ETFE屋面在风荷载工况下进行了算例分析,计算了膜面主应力分布和变形特征;分析了不同膜面预应力水平对承载性的影响。分析结果表明,风荷载主要影响ETFE膜屋面第一主应力的分布,适当增加膜面预应力可以显著提高其整体刚度和承载力。研究结论为铝合金温室拱形ETFE屋面的抗风计算分析和施工提供了参考。     

西藏3份垂穗披碱草耐旱性评价

探索野生垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans Griseb.）种子萌发与幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的生理响应,为西藏乡土植物耐旱性鉴定和育种提供依据。以西藏那曲市班戈县和索县2个地区的2份野生垂穗披碱草（Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号）为试验材料,以驯化品种巴青垂穗披碱草（E. nutans G. cv. Baqing）为对照材料,使用聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）溶液和盆栽后自然干旱法分别模拟垂穗披碱草在萌发期和幼苗期的干旱胁迫环境,并测定相关生理指标。结果表明,PEG-6000抑制了Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号种子萌发,低浓度（-0.10MPa）的PEG-6000处理有利于巴青垂穗披碱草种子萌发;PEG-6000抑制了垂穗披碱草根和芽的生长,其中对于芽的抑制作用尤为明显。干旱胁迫下,幼苗叶片相对电导率值和丙二醛含量不断上升,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性呈先升后降的趋势。经隶属函数分析,供试的3份垂穗披碱草在种子萌发期和幼苗期生理耐旱性较强,均属于Ⅱ级（较抗）,其耐旱性为巴青垂穗披碱草>垂穗披碱草Ⅰ号>垂穗披碱草Ⅱ号。     

Kriging方法在地下水风险评价中的改进与应用

地下水与地表水系统的交互影响在环境管理中的重要性日益凸显。其中,准确、快捷地估算水力渗透系数是科学管理的关键。但是,在环境规划与管理中,管理者所研究的尺度一般较大,在十几甚至几十平方千米的范围里面,传统的Kriging方法显得过于复杂,实用性大大降低。该研究在更加注重简单性与实用性原则的前提下,对Kriging方法进行了简化,并以此评价地下水的风险系数。      

人工降雨模型试验研究降雨入渗对滑坡类型之影响

台湾属海岛型气候,因而年雨量丰沛,降雨时间与空间的不均匀,对台湾大量的山坡地造成威胁。该研究系利用人工降雨系统,配合土壤模型试体探讨强降雨下滑坡破坏型态与坡体饱和度之关系,以对各种边坡稳定、边坡破坏获得更进一步的了解。研究结果得知边坡滑动主要发生在坡体趋近稳定饱和时,而坡面冲蚀则受土壤饱和度影响较小。土壤渗透率与降雨强度之关系亦影响着坡面破坏型态,降雨强度远大于土壤渗透系数时,其破坏型态以浅层滑动为主;降雨强度近似于土壤土壤渗透系数时,则主要为较深层滑动;若降雨强度小于土壤临界入渗率时,则主要为表面冲蚀破坏。     

Does crumb morphology affect water migration and crispness retention in crispy breads?

Crispness of bread is rapidly lost because of water migration inside the crumb towards the crust. How crumb properties determine this process independent of crust properties has not been examined before. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze and explain the influence of crumb morphology on the overall crispness retention. Crispness retention was determined by analyzing the acoustic emission of breads differing in either crust or crumb morphology. When crumb morphology is coarse with a lower number of large connections between the air cells, the effective diffusion coefficient is reduced. This effective diffusion coefficient of crumb, which equals approximately half the value of air, was estimated using X-ray micro-computer tomography images of crumb pieces. If the crumb has a lower effective diffusion coefficient, bread with similar crust properties has significantly longer crispness retention. Despite this, our data show that variations in properties of crust, which has 30 times higher permeability than crumb, have a larger impact on crispness retention than variations in properties of crumb.     

结合先验形状信息和序贯学习的心血管内超声外弹力膜检测

目的 针对心血管内超声(IVUS)图像中钙化斑块、声影等干扰因素影响外弹力膜(EEM)轮廓检测准确性的问题,提出结合先验形状信息和序贯学习分类的心血管内超声外弹力膜检测的改进算法。方法 首先用多类多尺度序贯学习(M²SSL)将IVUS图像分割七大不同组织;然后在分类结果的基础上,结合血管先验形状信息筛选出外弹力膜轮廓的关键点;最后,结合IVUS图像的梯度和相位信息,采用Snake模型,获得最终的EEM轮廓。结果 临床采集22组IVUS序列,挑选出具有代表性的153帧图像做实验。统计数据显示:本文算法检测结果的平均Jacc指标为88.5%,满足临床诊断要求,性能优于国内近年来较好的算法。结论 本文的EEM自动检测算法简单有效,相比国内已有算法,提高了对钙化、纤维斑块以及声影区域的识别能力,对含钙化斑块、纤维斑块或血管中心偏移的高频IVUS图像具有较高的适用性。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖复合膜及其研究进展

魔芋葡甘聚糖(Konjac Glucomannan,简称KGM)是从魔芋块茎中提取出来的一种天然高分子多糖,具有亲水性、凝胶性、可食用性、抗菌性和成膜性等多种特性。笔者介绍了KGM的结构和性质,重点阐述了KGM复合膜成膜机理及方法、影响复合膜性能的主要因素和复合膜应用研究现状,并展望了KGM复合膜的未来发展趋势。