Capacity of fatty acid profiles and substrate utilization patterns to describe differences in soil microbial communities associated with increased salinity or alkalinity at three locations in South Australia

 Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles, together with Biolog substrate utilization patterns, were used in conjunction with measurements of other soil chemical and microbiological properties to describe differences in soil microbial communities induced by increased salinity and alkalinity in grass/legume pastures at three sites in SE South Australia. Total ester-linked FAMEs (EL-FAMEs) and phospholipid-linked FAMEs (PL-FAMEs), were also compared for their ability to detect differences between the soil microbial communities. The level of salinity and alkalinity in affected areas of the pastures showed seasonal variation, being greater in summer than in winter. At the time of sampling for the chemical and microbiological measurements (winter) only the affected soil at site 1 was significantly saline. The affected soils at all three sites had lower organic C and total N concentrations than the corresponding non-affected soils. At site 1 microbial biomass, CO₂-C respiration and the rate of cellulose decomposition was also lower in the affected soil compared to the non-affected soil. Biomarker fatty acids present in both the EL- and PL-FAME profiles indicated a lower ratio of fungal to bacterial fatty acids in the saline affected soil at site 1. Analysis of Biolog substrate utilization patterns indicated that the bacterial community in the affected soil at site 1 utilized fewer carbon substrates and had lower functional diversity than the corresponding community in the non-affected soil. In contrast, increased alkalinity, of major importance at sites 2 and 3, had no effect on microbial biomass, the rate of cellulose decomposition or functional diversity but was associated with significant differences in the relative amounts of several fatty acids in the PL-FAME profiles indicative of a shift towards a bacterial dominated community. Despite differences in the number and relative amounts of fatty acids detected, principal component analysis of the EL- and PL-FAME profiles were equally capable of separating the affected and non-affected soils at all three sites. Redundancy analysis of the FAME data showed that organic C, microbial biomass, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate-extractable P were significantly correlated with variation in the EL-FAME profiles, whereas pH, electrical conductivity, NH₄-N, CO₂-C respiration and the microbial quotient were significantly correlated with variation in the PL-FAME profiles. Redundancy analysis of the Biolog data indicated that cation exchange capacity and bicarbonate-extractable K were significantly correlated with the variation in Biolog substrate utilization patterns. Received: 8 March 2000     

坡耕地不同种植模式对农田水土保持效应及土壤养分流失的影响

针对云南彝良地震灾区灾后坡耕地水土流失的现状,进行了不同种植模式的水土保持效应的研究。通过对试验小区不同种植模式下的径流小区的监测,以探明不同种植模式对农田水土和养分流失及对收获期作物粒重的影响,寻求控制和减少农田水土流失及增产的有效种植模式。结果表明,不同种植模式3次地表总径流量顺序为黄豆单作(17.0 m~3·hm~(-2))马铃薯单作(15.9 m~3·hm~(-2))玉米单作(13.7 m~3·hm~(-2))玉米∥马铃薯顺坡种植(12.6 m~3·hm~(-2))玉米∥黄豆(12.3 m~3·hm~(-2))玉米∥马铃薯(11.7 m~3·hm~(-2));土壤总侵蚀量顺序为马铃薯单作(930.15 kg·hm~(-2))黄豆单作(821.70 kg·hm~(-2))玉米单作(739.05 kg·hm~(-2))玉米∥马铃薯顺坡种植(716.70kg·hm~(-2))玉米∥马铃薯(651.90 kg·hm~(-2))玉米∥黄豆(620.10 kg·hm~(-2));在地表径流量方面,最好模式玉米∥马铃薯间作,比最差模式黄豆单作削减地表径流量31.2%,比马铃薯单作、玉米单作分别削减地表径流量26.4%、14.3%;在土壤侵蚀量方面,最好模式玉米∥黄豆间作,比最差模式马铃薯单作削减土壤侵蚀量33.3%,比黄豆单作、玉米单作分别削减土壤侵蚀量24.5%、16.1%。在土壤养分流失方面,玉米∥黄豆间作比马铃薯单作削减总氮流失30.6%;玉米∥黄豆间作比马铃薯单作削减氨氮流失22.2%,并有显著差异。可见,在彝良地震灾区玉米∥马铃薯和玉米∥黄豆间作种植模式在减少水土养分流失方面有一定效果。     

旱作区农业节水形式探讨

山西省水资源贫乏,旱作区发展农业要抓好以利用天然降水为重点的节水措施.节水形式有:旱地果园、庭院蔬菜、农地经济作物区集流节水;大面积农业区水土保持措施节水;农业耕作措施节水;覆盖保墒、减少蒸腾技术节水.其中集流节水应作为发展的重点,是我国旱地农业中高投入、高产出的一种较为可行的形式.     

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为探明不同植被恢复模式对土壤微生物多样性的影响,对黄石市黄荆山采石场废弃地4种不同植被恢复模式(多花木蓝纯林、多花木蓝×小叶女贞混交林、刺槐纯林、刺槐×盐肤木混交林)的土壤理化性状与土壤微生物数量进行调查分析.结果表明:土壤水分、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量及微生物数量在不同植被恢复模式下均有显著或极显著差异;混交林的土壤水分、有机质、全氮、速效磷喝速效钾含量均高于纯林,纯林土壤的全氮及速效氮含量均高于混交林;各植被恢复模式下微生物数量依次为细菌＞固氮菌＞放线菌＞真菌,混交林的微生物总数、真菌、细菌、放线菌数量高于纯林,纯林的固氮菌数量高于混交林;各类群微生物数量与土壤pH、有机质及速效钾含量均呈较好的相关性;综合考虑,不同恢复模式下土壤理化性状和微生物数量分布特征,多花木蓝-小叶女贞混交林能更好地改善土壤环境质量,植被恢复效果较好.     

秸秆还田模式对土壤有机碳及腐植酸含量的影响

通过9年水稻-小麦轮作田间定位试验,探讨南方稻麦两熟制农田秸秆还田模式对土壤有机碳(SOC)和腐植酸(HE)的影响。试验设置仅麦秆稻季还田(W)、仅稻秆麦季还田(R)、秸秆稻麦季均还田(RW)和秸秆均不还田(CK)共4个处理。结果表明,秸秆还田显著(P0.05)提高了0~10 cm土层SOC,对土壤总氮(TN)无明显影响;不同秸秆还田模式处理下,0~10 cm土层SOC及TN大小为WRWRCK;10~20 cm SOC及TN大小均为WCKRWR,但各处理之间的差异均不显著。秸秆还田处理中,0~10 cm土层土壤HE、富里酸(FA)和胡敏酸(HA)均低于CK,而在10~20 cm土层则高于CK。不同秸秆还田方式间,0~10 cm土层的HE、FA和HA以W处理为最高,其土壤腐殖化程度最大;而10~20 cm土层则以RW处理为最高,W处理的土壤腐殖化程度最小。相比其他秸秆还田模式,麦秸稻季还田能更好地提高土壤表层有机碳含量和腐殖质品质。     

粮食产后处理模式的系统分析与优化

从处理成本、处理时间消耗、粮食损失3个方面分析了浙江省现行粮食产后处理模式中存在的问题,利用动态规划方法对粮食产后处理模式中处理效率与损失率进行了系统分析.分析结果表明,在粮食产后系统中采用精细农业技术和装备,是提高作业效率和降低损失的有效途径.     

安庆都市圈生态系统服务权衡与协同

为厘清区域发展特征、优化区域布局、实现生态转型和绿色可持续发展,研究生态系统服务之间的权衡和协同关系是发展的基础.本研究以安庆都市圈为研究对象,运用空间计量法估算安庆都市圈的水源涵养、土壤保持、NPP服务和食物供给等4种生态系统服务,分析不同生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同关系,并运用CA-Markov模型预测203 0年...     

Spatial and temporal patterns of Lolium rigidum–Avena sterilis mixed populations in a cereal field

Through a detailed case study of a two‐species (Lolium rigidum and Avena sterilis) weed community at contrasting scales, this paper examined factors that affect weed distribution across space and time in a commercial wheat field in north‐east Spain. A. sterilis showed relatively stable spatial distribution and spatial structure of its population over time at large scale, with well‐defined patches, although weed density rose quickly. L. rigidum showed poorly defined patches that were not stable across time. Interaction between species could explain to some degree the spatial distribution at large scale: a negative relationship was detected between the spatial structures of both weed populations. At fine scale, both species showed a clear interaction effect from primary dispersal (more important in A. sterilis) and secondary dispersal from combine harvesting (more important in L. rigidum).     

稻秸还田下耕作与播种方式对小麦出苗及产量的影响

为了研究稻秸还田下耕作与播种方式对小麦出苗及产量的影响,通过大区试验,分析了稻秸全量还田下不同耕作与播种方式对小麦出苗率、出苗均匀性及产量性状的影响。结果显示,相同的播种方式下,浅耕处理小麦出苗率高于免耕处理,但出苗均匀性差于后者;相同的耕作方式下,播种方式对小麦出苗率和出苗均匀性的影响差异较大,其中,机械匀播方式下小麦出苗率最高,出苗均匀性最好;小麦出苗率和出苗均匀性通过影响穗数、穗粒数、千粒重而影响籽粒产量,同一耕作方式下机械匀播小麦籽粒产量均高于其余2种播种方式,免耕和浅耕下机械匀播小麦产量分别达6484.35 kg/hm~2和6476.20 kg/hm~2。因此,稻秸全量还田条件下,建议采用免耕机械匀播方式,能有效改善小麦田间出苗情况,进而获得较高的籽粒产量。     

山丘区抑螺防病林栽培模式研究

本文在调查基础上,总结了山丘疫区血防林的树种类型、栽培与经营技术、配置模式,并讨论了树种模式特点。