南川百合与泸定百合种群格局分形特征的分析

本文应用计盒维数和信息维数比较分析了南川百合与泸定百合种群的空间分布格局及其分形特征。研究显示，南川百合与泸定百合种群的计盒维数和信息维数均较小（〈1．5，远离2），说明其占据生态空间的能力和格局强度都不大，体现其在群落中的劣势伴生地位。在2006年，南川百合各种群的平均计盒维数（0．7232）比泸定百合（0．7734）小0．0502，而其平均信息维数（0．4179）却比泸定百合（0．2381）大0．1798，这些数据表明，南川百合种群占据生态空间的能力比泸定百合弱，但其种群格局强度要比泸定百合种群大得多。在高温干旱的2006年，这两种百合的计盒维数与2005年相比都有所减少，信息维数都有所增加，但南川百合种群计盒维数的减少比例（13．87％）大于泸定百合（8．97％），约为泸定百合的1．54倍，其信息维数的增加比例（6．830%）却小于泸定百合（33．02%），泸定百合种群信息维数的增加量是南川百合种群的4．98倍，这些数据表明，高温干旱天气对这两种百合的生长均有影响；泸定百合的抗热抗旱能力要高于南川百合，南川百合更易受高温干旱天气的伤害。由于人为干扰和气候等环境因子的变化，南川百合和泸定百合均出现濒危迹象，此外，因南川百合抗热抗旱性能不强、占据生态空间能力弱等，导致其更加处于濒危状态，应尽快加以保护。     

Natural abundance N in soil and litter across a nitrate-output gradient in New Hampshire

Stable isotopes of nitrogen are potentially a valuable tool for regional assessments of nitrogen saturation because they provide an integrated measure of the past nitrogen cycling history of a site. We measured δ¹⁵N of soil and litter, as well as net nitrification potential, at three sites across a nitrate-loss gradient in the White Mountains, New Hampshire to test the hypotheses: (1) that δ¹⁵N in soil and litter increase across a spatial gradient of nitrate loss; and (2) that δ¹⁵N in soil and litter is elevated when nitrification is elevated. δ¹⁵N was found not to vary significantly among the three sites. Patterns of leaf litter and forest floor δ¹⁵N, however, were strongly influenced by species composition in individual plots. Beech litter had significantly higher δ¹⁵N than yellow birch, sugar maple, and red maple. The conifer-dominated plots had significantly lower δ¹⁵N in both the organic soil horizons and in litter than did the hardwood-dominated plots. When we adjusted for spatial heterogeneity in mineral soil δ¹⁵N values by using an enrichment factor, δ¹⁵N_foliar − δ¹⁵N_Bs, in place of absolute soil δ¹⁵N values, a positive relationship was found with net nitrification for hardwoods. δ¹⁵N may also be a useful tool for evaluating species differences in nitrogen cycling and nitrogen uptake. The distinct pattern we observed of decreasing δ¹⁵N across the continuum from hardwood-dominated to conifer-dominated sites may suggest that local drivers (for example, nitrification rate) regulate the absolute value of foliar δ¹⁵N, while species-driven factors (e.g., timing and type of uptake) control the foliar δ¹⁵N value of one species relative to another in the same plot.     

Feeding ecology of fishes associated with Egeria spp. patches in a tropical reservoir, Brazil

Abstract –  This research characterised feeding ecology of fishes associated with patches of Egeria najas and Egeria densa , two submerged macrophytes, in Rosana Reservoir, Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Fishes were sampled using a 1 m² throw trap in patches of different macrophyte biomass and in three diel periods during a wet season. Fish diet (10 species) was primarily composed of autochthonous items (zooplankton, algae and aquatic insect larvae). Almost all intra-specific diet patterns had moderate to low levels of diet similarity, indicating a high variability in diet. Some species showed no diel patterns in feeding activity, whereas others were primarily diurnal or nocturnal. No differences in feeding activity were observed among habitats of medium and high macrophyte biomasses, and species tended to feed on the same items among these habitats. The most abundant fish species demonstrated low inter-specific diet overlap and appear not to compete for food resources. We suggest that Egeria patches are feeding grounds and shelter for small-sized fish species.     

Visualisation of standardized life-history patterns

The life‐history patterns of fish and invertebrate species are complex. But much of this complexity can be captured in simple diagrams of coastal transects, where juveniles usually occur in larger numbers in shallow waters, while adults generally inhabit deeper, offshore waters. Iconographic representations of generalized life‐history patterns and depth profiles, with specific key life‐history parameters can capture much of these standardized patterns, including spawning areas, nursery/juvenile distributions, adult distributions and spawning migrations. Several examples presented here from a wide range of habitats and ecosystems (temperate and tropical waters, demersal, deep water, pelagic and coral reefs), including an example of different stocks of the same species, illustrate some general patterns with regard to water depth and distance from shore. The present approach should be viewed as a first step towards obtaining standardized patterns about key life‐history parameters, and will hopefully lead to incorporation into management of life‐history interconnectivity between different fishery sectors or gears. This may contribute to sustainable, ecosystem‐based approaches to management by informing policy options when faced with decisions to rationalize overcapitalized fisheries.     

Diel migration patterns of Atlantic salmon smolts with particular reference to the absence of crepuscular migration

Abstract –  The real-time diel pattern of Atlantic salmon smolt migration was observed for 8 years using automatic resistivity counters verified by video surveillance. A clear dominant nocturnal migration was demonstrated early in the migration period, later becoming increasingly diurnal, until rates became approximately equal at day and night. Migration patterns were related to water temperature, such that when mean daily temperatures were below 12 °C, hourly rates of migration were significantly lower during the day than at night. When daily mean temperatures exceeded 12 °C, there was no significant difference between diurnal and nocturnal migration rates. Migration patterns showed a distinct suppression of migration at dawn and dusk throughout the migration period. It is hypothesised that this behaviour is an active decision and/or an adaptive strategy either to take advantage of increased food in the form of invertebrate drift or to reduce predation risk from actively feeding piscivores or both.     

不同植物配置模式对人工边坡减流减沙效益的影响

[目的] 探讨不同植物模式（混草、花草、灌草、乔草）及配置比例对生产建设项目人工边坡水土流失的影响,为人工边坡植被恢复提供参考。[方法] 采用径流小区定位观测法,记录2019年1—12月自然降雨,研究4种植物模式的产流产沙特点,揭示4种植物模式的减流减沙效益。[结果] ①观测期内总降雨量为1 052.73 mm,总降雨历时为845.1 h,7月降雨量最大,2月降雨历时最长,降雨集中在1—7月,以中雨、大雨、暴雨为主。②每场降雨产流差异大,产流月季差异大,集中在2—4月及7月,多发生在中雨、大雨和暴雨情况。③每场降雨及月、季降雨之间产沙差异大,3月产沙最大,产沙集中在2—4月及7月,多发生中雨、大雨和暴雨。④以花草模式为对照,每场降雨条件下灌草模式的减流率最大,乔草模式的减沙率最大,月降雨累计条件下,混草模式减流率最大,乔草模式减沙率最大,不同降雨等级累积和全年累积条件下,乔草模式的减流减沙率最大。[结论] 植被恢复初期,受植被覆盖度差异影响,乔草模式、混草模式的减流减沙率较大,具有较好的固土保持效益。     

不同株型玉米适宜种植模式的研究

[目的]研究不同种植模式对玉米产量和农艺性状的影响。[方法]以当地3个不同类型的主栽玉米品种为试验材料,设3种不同种植模式,采用裂区设计,共9个处理,3次重复,观察记录其农艺性状并测定产量。[结果]3个不同类型玉米品种的农艺性状均以单行双株种植模式最佳;平展型品种正大999单行单株种植的产量最高,单行双株种植的产量次之;半紧凑型品种正大619和紧凑型品种玉美头105单行双株种植模式的产量最高。[结论]平展型玉米品种适合于单行单株或单行双株种植;半紧凑型品种和肾凑型品种适合于单行双株种植。结合生产实际考虑,建议在轻简栽培中,玉米采用单行双株种植模式。     

不同灌溉方式对玉米生物量的影响

[目的]为了研究节水灌溉方式对玉米产量及构成的影响。[方法]2012年在武威荒漠生态与农业气象试验站设计了滴灌、喷灌、漫灌大田试验,并调查玉米整个生育期内的作物生长高度、叶面积指数、株子粒重等指标。[结果]滴灌条件下生物量高于喷灌和漫灌,拔节时差异最明显,滴灌比喷灌重48％、比漫灌重109％;滴灌叶面积指数最高,喷灌次之;在成熟期,滴灌、喷灌株高均较漫灌高22em;滴灌和喷灌百粒重分别重于漫灌11．88％、9．95％;滴灌、喷灌株子粒重分别重于漫灌24．8％、21．1％;滴灌理论产量大于喷灌22．59％,大于漫灌35．62％,喷灌大于漫灌10．63％;滴灌实际产量大于喷灌1．68％,大于漫灌6．52％,喷灌大于漫灌4．76％。[结论]3种灌溉技术条件下,滴灌效果最好,喷灌次之。     

湖北省林下药材种类及种植模式探析

通过对湖北省地理气候特点、林药生产现状的分析,参考全省林下经济发展规划及道地药材生产区划,将林下药材种植划分为5个区域,并对其林下药材种植种类和模式进行总结和探讨.分析结果表明,鄂西南、鄂西北是湖北省发展林药种植的重点区域,鄂西三峡区及鄂东大别山区林药种植模式较为丰富,发展优势明显,鄂东南林药种植模式较为单一,有待进一步开发.各地在发展林药种植时,应综合考虑当地自然条件,药材生物学特性、市场需求及经济效益等因素,选择适宜的种植种类和种植模式,以减少林下中药材生产的盲目性.