宁夏东部荒漠草原猪毛蒿光合特征和水分利用效率对降水变化的响应

荒漠草原植物的生长和生存受降水影响很大,本研究以宁夏东部荒漠草原猪毛蒿种群为研究对象,2017-2020年连续4年监测了降水改变条件下土壤水分特征,测定了猪毛蒿净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度等光合特征,并对其内禀水分利用效率和瞬时水分利用效率进行了分析。研究表明：4年中无效降水事件(<5mm)发生次数较多,占当年降水频次的60.00%～82.54%;大雨(≥25 mm且≤49.9 mm)和暴雨等级(≥50 mm)降水事件较少,平均单次降水事件的降水量仅为3.3～6.5 mm·次^-1。不同处理各土层的土壤含水量存在较大差异,表层(10 cm)土壤含水量较次表层(20 cm)和深层(60 cm)的变幅大;次表层(20 cm)土壤平均含水量低于表层,与小降水事件发生频次较高无法入渗补给以及植物吸收消耗有关;深层(60 cm)土壤含水量变化小,较稳定。净光合速率随着光合有效辐射的增加而增大,当光合有效辐射在400～1600μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,增雨处理提高了猪毛蒿的净光合速率;在...     

Maize silage particle length modulates feeding patterns and milk composition in loose-housed lactating Holstein cows

This study analysed feeding patterns and feed selective consumption by loose-housed lactating dairy cows fed diets based on maize silage (MS) with different particle length (PL) to establish its effects on overall dry matter intake (DMI) and productive performance. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) with three different PL of MS at harvesting (i.e., long, medium, and short). Results demonstrated greater numbers of day-time meals (i.e., 07:30–19:00 h) when PL was decreased from long to medium (P < 0.05). Night-time (i.e., 19:00–06:30 h) changes in the feeding pattern included an increased amount of feed per meal (P < 0.05) and a tendency to increase eating time per meal (P < 0.10) in cows fed the short-PL diet. Lowering the PL of MS also lowered the selective consumption against physically effective fibre larger than 1.18 mm (peNDF_> 1.18; P < 0.05) and in favour of fine particles (i.e., particles passing through 1.18 mm screen; P < 0.01). Decreasing PL of MS from long to medium and short increased daily DMI as well as the intake of energy and other nutrients contained in the diet including the amount of peNDF_> 1.18 (P < 0.01). The decrease in the PL of the diet also was associated with increased milk protein and lactose yield and milk urea nitrogen (P < 0.05). The actual milk yield and fat-corrected milk were not affected by the diet (P > 0.10). Although lowering of the PL tended to increase daily milk energy output (P < 0.10), the ratio between energy milk output and the energy intake was linearly decreased (P < 0.01), indicating a lower milk efficiency for the lower-PL diets. In conclusion, particle length of MS in a TMR has the potential to modulate circadian feeding patterns, selective consumption of the feed, daily DMI, and milk composition in high-producing dairy cows.     

犬双侧复杂会阴疝的一次性修复

会阴疝是老年犬临床常见病,手术是唯一的修复办法。目前常用的修复手术采用俯卧保定,手术难度大,一般一次只能修复一侧疝孔,术后容易复发。作者介绍了一种创新的术式：通过修复前进行结肠、膀胱腹腔固定术,极大地减小了复杂会阴疝修复手术的难度和术后复发的可能性;通过两后肢向前保定的仰卧保定术式,可以一次性修复双侧会阴疝。     

Reactions of goldfish (Carassius auratus) to three suture patterns following full thickness skin incisions

Three different suture patterns (simple interrupted, interrupted horizontal mattress, subcuticular) were placed in a full thickness incision (skin and body wall) of 18 goldfish (Carassius auratus). After 14 days all fish were euthanized using benzocaine solution. The tissue reactions were evaluated by gross visual inspection and histopathological examination. The superficial inflammatory reactions were graded on a scale from 0 (no inflammation) to 3 (severe inflammation). The inflammatory response in histological examination was graded on a scale from 0 (no inflammatory response or normal skin tissue) to 5 (severe inflammatory response and necrosis). The interrupted horizontal mattress induced a moderately severe to severe inflammatory response and necrosis (grades 4–5) but the subcuticular suture induced a very mild to mild inflammatory response (grades 0–1). The simple interrupted suture induced a moderate to moderately severe inflammatory response (grades 2–4). In conclusion, results showed that a subcuticular suture is the most appropriate to use in the closure of a full thickness body wall incision.     

玉树高寒草甸不同利用方式下土壤微生物的特征

连续2年对青海玉树高寒草甸的3种不同利用草地(天然草地、灭鼠草地、灭鼠+围封草地)的微生物类群及微生物量碳、氮、磷空间含量及变化特征进行了研究,分析不同利用方式下土壤微生物特征及其变化规律.以探讨不同利用措施对玉树退化草地土壤微生物的影响.结果表明:同一利用方式下,不同土壤层(0~5, 5~10和10~15 cm)土壤各微生物类群主要分布在土壤表层,且数量均随着土壤深度增加而减少.不同利用方式下,同一土壤层内,灭鼠和灭鼠+围封草地对土壤细菌、真菌与放线菌和微生物各氮素类群数量有一定的促进作用;微生物量碳、氮和磷含量均表现为灭鼠和灭鼠+围封草地显著高于天然草地;各草地类型中微生物数量是细菌>放线菌>真菌.表明天然草地经灭鼠和围封处理利用时均有利于草地土壤中微生物的活动,有利于草地的自然更新和保护物种多样性.     

乡村景观格局热效应研究

利用Quickbird和ETM影像对浙江省绍兴县北部平原220 km2区域内50个村庄景观格局热效应进行了研究。通过环境亮温与建筑、水体、草地、林地、绿地(草地＋林地)5种地类斑块共45个景观指数间的数量关系分析,结果表明:各景观指数与环境亮温间具有良好的线性关系;众多景观指数可分为密度类指数、覆盖率类指数、形状指数、核心区规模指数、100 m缓冲区相关指数、其它指数6类,其中优势斑块和景观总体的密度类指数、覆盖率类指数是环境亮温的主要作用因子;有关建筑斑块及核心区景观总体规模的指数(建筑的覆盖率、块均面积、聚合度,核心区的总面积、总周长、总块均面积)与环境亮温为正相关关系,其它多为负相关,因此建成区规模较小、各地类以众多小斑块均匀分布、建筑覆盖率低且形状狭长的村庄更有助于环境降温。建立了4个亮温预测模型(Ra2>0.9),筛选出相应的亮温预测及调控因子组;在核心区,环境亮温的单因子拟合效果欠佳,景观格局结构指数的作用不能忽略,结构指数对亮温的作用贡献约占总量的25%。     

Phylogenetic studies in Citrus reticulata and related types

Summary Sixteen types of mandarins were screened for their leaf flavonoid patterns with the help of cellulose thin-layer chromatography. In general, Tanaka's classification of mandarins into 36 species is untenable, as was already concluded by Swingle (1948), Hodgson (1965) and Singh (1967). It is likely that a fine loose skinned mandarin was first evolved. Later, it hybridized with wild mandarin to give rise to numerous types and forms.Contribution No. 474 of Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore-6, India.     

两种饲养模式对伴侣猫肠道菌群的影响

在繁育场和家庭两种饲养模式下,利用高通量测序技术,比较伴侣猫肠道菌群多样性及结构的差异,以期探索饲养模式对猫肠道菌群的影响规律,为优化繁育场饲养管理提供参考指标.选择品种和年龄范围相近的17只繁育场饲养健康伴侣猫和14只家庭饲养健康伴侣猫,分别采集一次新鲜的猫粪便样本,进行16SrRNA肠道菌群的检测.结果显示:在门水...     

沙漠绿洲地区膜下滴灌棉花产量和氮素利用的水氮耦合效应

研究施肥量和灌水量对膜下滴灌模式棉花氮素利用效率(NUE)的水氮耦合效应的影响。试验设置1带4行、2带4行、2带6行3种滴灌模式,灌水量和施氮量采用二次通用旋转组合设计,进行大田小区膜下滴灌棉花试验。结果表明,1带4行灌水量对棉花产量的影响大于施氮量,2带4行和2带6行施氮量对棉花产量的影响大于灌水量。3种滴灌模式棉花产量与灌水量呈显著正相关。棉花产量与施肥量,1带4行呈显著的正相关,2带4行在施氮量为27.6~69.0 kg/hm2呈负相关,施氮量为69~94.2 kg/hm2呈正相关。2带6行施氮量为27.6~55.2 kg/hm2呈正相关,施氮量为55.2~94.2 kg/hm2呈负相关;灌水量和施肥量对棉花氮素利用效率的影响,3种模式均为施氮量大于灌水量。氮素利用效率与施氮量的关系,1带4行和2带4行在施氮量为27.6~82.2 kg/hm2呈负相关,施氮量为82.2~94.2 kg/hm2呈正相关,2带6行呈负相关。3种滴灌模式氮素利用效率与灌水量呈正相关;根据不同滴灌模式对水氮耦合效应,建立以棉花产量、NUE为目标的不同滴灌模式水氮管理策略。     

模拟降雨条件下不同植被覆盖度/格局的坡地土壤铵态氮流失特征

尽管采取各种措施控制农业氮素污染,但大量氮素的流失仍然成为农业非点源污染的主要来源之一。采用室内模拟降雨的方式,选用了3种植被覆盖度(25%,50%和75%)、9种不同的植被格局,对21°坡面铵态氮随径流和泥沙流失迁移规律进行了研究。结果表明:径流和泥沙流失的控制关键期在初期产流阶段。植被覆盖度25%时,铵态氮流失规律不明显。植被覆盖度50%时,在中期和后期产流阶段径流和泥沙携带的铵态氮流失量分别占累计流失量71.2%~82.8%,应加强中期和后期产流阶段铵态氮流失量控制。植被覆盖75%时,初期产流阶段是铵态氮流失控制的关键时期。径流与径流结合态铵态氮流失量呈幂函数关系,两者呈显著正相关(p0.05),泥沙与泥沙结合态铵态氮流失量均呈幂函数关系,并具有极显著正相关性(p0.01)。径流和泥沙流失是坡面铵态氮流失的两种途径。从削减水沙和养分流失量角度来看,坡下植被格局最强,坡上植被格局次之,坡中植被格局最弱。