First Steps Towards an Understanding of a Mode ofCarcinogenic Action for Vanadium Pentoxide

Inhalation of vanadium pentoxide clearly increases the incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms in male and female B6C3F1 mice at all concentrations tested (1, 2 or 4 mg/m³), whereas responses in F344/N rats was, at most, ambiguous. While vanadium pentoxide is mutagenic in vitro and possibly in vivo in mice, this does not explain the species or site specificity of the neoplastic response. A nose-only inhalation study was conducted in female B6C3F1 mice (0, 0.25, 1 and 4 mg/m³, 6 h/day for 16 days) to explore histopathological, biochemical (α-tocopherol, glutathione and F2-isoprostane) and genetic (comet assays and 9 specific DNA-oxo-adducts) changes in the lungs. No treatment related histopathology was observed at 0.25 mg/m³. At 1 and 4 mg/m³, exposure-dependent increases were observed in lung weight, alveolar histiocytosis, sub-acute alveolitis and/or granulocytic infiltration and a generally time-dependent increased cell proliferation rate of histiocytes. Glutathione was slightly increased, whereas there were no consistent changes in α-tocopherol or 8-isoprostane F2α. There was no evidence for DNA strand breakage in lung or BAL cells, but there was an increase in 8-oxodGuo DNA lesions that could have been due to vanadium pentoxide induction of the lesions or inhibition of repair of spontaneous lesions. Thus, earlier reports of histopathological changes in the lungs after inhalation of vanadium pentoxide were confirmed, but no evidence has yet emerged for a genotoxic mode of action. Evidence is weak for oxidative stress playing any role in lung carcinogenesis at the lowest effective concentrations of vanadium pentoxide.     

催化动力分析法测定微量钒

本试验采用电化学分析手段,用钒催化溴酸钾氧化碘化钾的方法测定微量钒,并进行各种条件试验。最后研究生铁样品处理及分解方法。     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

钒钼黄比色法测定食品中磷的研究

建立了钒钼黄比色法测定食品中磷的检测技术 ,该法通过消解液酸度的调节 ,显色剂的替换 ,应用钒钼黄比色法测定食品中磷的含量.当磷溶液浓度范围在[1mg/L～20 mg/L ]时 ,线性回归良好 ;回收率范围为94%～97% .用此法测定了国家标准参考物质 ,与国标方法测定食品中磷的含量进行了比对 ,结果表明 :测定结果与国标方法的测定结果比较无显著统计学差别 ,说明该方法可用于食品中磷的测定.     

腐植酸对水体中五价钒的吸附

采用批次实验法,研究了腐植酸浓度、钒离子浓度、吸附时间、温度、溶液p H、离子强度、电解质等对腐植酸吸附水体中五价钒的影响。结果表明,钒溶液浓度为90.91 mg·L~(-1)条件下,腐植酸的浓度为1.09 g·L~(-1)时,腐植酸对钒的吸附量最大。随着钒溶液浓度的增加,吸附率逐渐降低并趋于0;而吸附量呈增加-缓慢增加-平衡的趋势;在腐植酸浓度为1.09 g·L~(-1)条件下,钒溶液浓度为1 818.18 mg·L~(-1)时,吸附量达到最大值,吸附等温线与Langmuir模型基本吻合。随着溶液pH、温度的增加,腐植酸对钒的吸附量逐渐减少,即在酸性、温度较低的条件下更有利于腐植酸对钒的吸附。随着溶液电解质浓度的增加,腐植酸对钒的吸附量逐渐降低。红外光谱和扫描电镜的结果显示,腐植酸对钒的吸附机制为钒在腐植酸的表面和内部形成稳定的络合物,这与腐植酸的O-H(或N-H)的氢键、C-O和C-H键的伸缩振动有关。因此,可以考虑用适量的腐植酸作吸附剂,去除水体中的钒,并调整环境条件增强吸附效果。     

不同水稻品种对钒的积累及化学形态

通过盆栽试验,研究了钒（V）胁迫下不同品种水稻植株中钒的积累和化学形态。结果表明,不同品种水稻各器官中V的分布为根＞茎＞叶＞子实,两种水稻品种吸收的V主要富集在根部。水稻生长期新优188水稻各器官中V的浓度均低于十优838水稻,如在V处理浓度为100 mg·kg-1时,在分蘖期、扬花期、灌浆期和成熟期,新优188水稻植株根中V含量分别为73.10、92.56、57.46、57.81 μg·g-1,茎叶中为8.79、4.52、2.13、2.56 μg·g-1;十优838水稻植株根中的V含量为59.14、94.93、88.59、89.70 μg·g-1,茎叶中为4.64、3.66、2.29、3.24 μg·g-1。推断十优838水稻较新优188水稻有较强的V吸收能力。两种水稻品种中,根部V主要以活性较低的盐酸提取态（FHCl）和醋酸提取态（FHAc）为主,茎和叶中V主要以盐酸提取态（FHCl）和水提取态（Fw）为主,认为V在水稻根部多以难溶于水的重金属磷酸盐或草酸盐而被固定,限制了水稻中V转移到茎和叶,从而避免了高浓度V对植物光合作用及其他生理过程的干扰。     

Effect of dietary vanadium and vitamin C on egg quality and antioxidant status in laying hens

This study assessed the effect of dietary vanadium (V) and vitamin C (VC) on production performance, egg quality and antioxidant status in laying hens. A total of 360 laying hens (31‐week‐old) were randomly allotted into a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement treatments (four replicates and 10 chicks per replicate) with three levels of dietary V (0, 5 and 10 mg/kg) and three levels of vitamin C (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. The effect of V and VC did not alter egg production, egg weight, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio during 1–12 week. Albumen height and Haugh unit value were linearly decreased (p < 0.001) by addition of V, whereas the effect of 100 mg/kg VC was observed to counteract (p < 0.05) this effect in V‐containing treatments during 1–12 week. Hens fed V‐containing diet laid lighter (linear effect, p < 0.05) coloured eggs (higher lightness value, lower redness and yellowness value), and the VC exerted no influence on it during 1–12 week. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activities, ability to inhibit hydroxyl radical, were significantly decreased, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) and V contents were increased (p < 0.05) by effect of V during 4, 8 and 12 week. The effect of VC alone and the interactive effect between VC and V were shown to increase serum (p < 0.05) SOD activity in 4 week and decrease MAD levels in 12 week. The result indicate that V decreased the egg quality and caused the oxidative stress at level of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, and the addition of 100 mg/kg vitamin C can alleviate its egg quality reduction effect and can mitigate the oxidative stress to some extent.     

微生物还原五价钒的电子传递过程及其钒还原对藻类生长的影响

为探究微生物还原五价钒[V(Ⅴ)]的机理,从钒污染土壤中筛选出一株V(Ⅴ)还原菌,经鉴定为神户肠杆菌(Enterobacter kobei NC1-2),研究不同电子传递抑制剂和电子穿梭体对菌株NC1-2还原V(Ⅴ)的电子传递过程的影响,以及V(Ⅴ)微生物还原前后的毒性变化及其对藻类生长的影响。结果表明,当V(Ⅴ)初始浓度20 mg·L-1,培养3 d时菌株NC1-2对V(Ⅴ)的还原率为90.3%。扫描电镜(SEM)结果显示菌株表面附着无定形物质,结合能量散射X射线谱(EDS)分析证实无定形物质中含有钒元素;X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明菌株NC1-2将V(Ⅴ)还原为V(Ⅳ)。电子传递抑制剂辣椒素、奎那克林和氯化铜能抑制菌株NC1-2对V(Ⅴ)的还原;核黄素作为电子穿梭体可缩短电子传递距离,促进胞外电子传递,有利于V(Ⅴ)的还原,进而加快菌株NC1-2对V(Ⅴ)的还原。V(Ⅴ)还原成V(Ⅳ)后毒性降低,减少了对小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa和斜生栅藻Scenedesmus obliquus的生长胁迫,两种藻生长96 h时的藻密度显著增加,且叶绿素a含量均有所提高,...     

Vanadium extraction from molten vanadium slag with high contents of Ca and P by direct oxidation and adding Na2CO3 and water leaching method

The mineral phases of the clinker obtaining after oxidizing vanadium slag with high contents of Ca and P are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the experimental parameters of vanadium extraction are also investigated in this paper. The results show that V exists in the form of Na4V2O7, Na3VO4, Na1.33V2O5 and NaCaVO4 when the amount of added Na2CO3 is relatively small (35%). But, with the added Na2CO3 amount increasing, Na4V2O7 and NaCaVO4 react with Na2CO3, then change into Na3VO4. P in the clinker exists in the form of Na3PO4. The leaching rate of vanadium can reach above 90% under the conditions: added Na2CO3 amount of 40%, liquid to solid ratio of 5∶1 mL/g, leaching temperature of 90℃, leaching time of 4 min, stirring rate of 150 r/min. Therefore, the method of extracting vanadium from molten vanadium slag with high contents of Ca and P by direct oxidation and adding Na2CO3 and water leaching is feasible.