氟化物对家蚕血液羧酸酯酶及全酯酶活性的影响

为了探讨氟化物对家蚕代谢机制的影响,以家蚕耐氟品种T6和氟化物敏感品种734为研究对象,从5龄起蚕开始分别添食50、100、200、400mg/kg NaF溶液浸泡后的新鲜桑叶,检测家蚕血液中羧酸酯酶(CarE),全酯酶活性的变化.结果表明,734、T6添氟组的CarE活性分别是对照组的73％-88％和72％-81％,734两个低浓度添氟组的CarE活性与对照组和两个高浓度添氟组的差异极显著(P＜0.01),T6各处理组之间的差异不显著.734、T6添氟组的全酯酶活性分别是对照组的89％-97％和73％-92％,734各处理组之间的差异不显著,T6对照组的全酯酶活性仅与最高浓度添氟组差异极显著(P＜0.01).说明氟化物对家蚕血液CarE和全酯酶活性具有一定的抑制作用.     

用茉莉酸甲酯局部喷施长白落叶松苗对落叶松毛虫体内防御酶的影响

为明确茉莉酸甲酯局部处理林木对落叶松毛虫解毒代谢的影响，本研究以3种不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA，0.01、0.10和1.00mmol/L)局部处理长白落叶松苗的侧枝，分析不同处理对取食其针叶的落叶松毛虫3~5龄幼虫体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响。研究发现，3个浓度的MeJA局部处理长白落叶松对松毛虫幼虫体内保护酶和解毒酶活性均有显著影响(P < 0.05)，酶活变化趋势一致，但未呈浓度依赖关系。各处理组幼虫体内的SOD和POD活性均在第4龄显著高于CK(P < 0.05)，但3、5龄幼虫体内的SOD和POD活性与CK差异不显著(P>0.05)；而ACP、AKP和GSTs活性先在第3龄低于CK、第4龄均显著低于CK(P < 0.05)，后在第5龄不同程度地高于CK。表明用MeJA局部喷施能诱导提高长白落叶松的系统抗性，且其对食叶害虫具有广谱性，能干扰落叶松毛虫的解毒代谢，抵御其危害；落叶松毛虫能在逐渐适应后，通过提高保护酶和解毒酶的活性去响应诱导抗性造成的毒害。      

W/O微乳液体系中SA和MS清除·O_2~-的研究

以水溶液体系作为对照,利用分光光度法研究了W/O型微乳液体系中水杨酸（SA）和水杨酸甲酯（MS）清除超氧阴离子自由基（·O2-）的性能.结果发现,在水浴时间为20min、pH值为8.20和邻苯三酚加入量适宜的情况下,W/O微乳液体系中SA、MS对·O2-的清除率分别可达72.92%、81.47%.微小的pH值变化会引起邻苯三酚自氧化速率的显著变化,电解质溶液对其也有明显的影响,但对SA、MS清除·O2-的能力影响不大.     

球孢白僵菌脂肪酸、酯酶、脂肪酶及其与毒力的关系

研究12株球孢白僵菌脂肪酸、酯酶和脂肪酶的产生水平及菌株对马尾松毛虫毒力间的关系。结果表明：酯酶产生水平（E）、脂肪酶产生水平（L）及豆蔻酸百分含量（X）等与白僵菌菌株对马尾松毛虫的毒力（LT50）间存在一定的相关性，其相关方程分别为：LT50=2．0931/（lgE-5．1165）＋0．4091；LT50=-6．68L^2＋31．9886L；LT50=13．5192-8．7042X。     

Aversion of the feral pigeon and the house sparrow to pellets and sprouts treated with commercial formulations of methyl anthranilate

Two methyl anthranilate formulations, ReJex‐iT® TP‐40 and AG‐36, were tested as bird‐repelling agents for animal feed and vegetable sprouts, respectively. Feral pigeons (Columba livia) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) are important pests of animal husbandry and field crops in Israel. In each 4‐day experiment, four birds were held together in an aviary, and were offered four trays or dishes with animal feed or cauliflower sprouts in four corners of the cage. The trays and dishes were transposed daily in a Latin square sequence. Pigeons consumed significantly more untreated feed than treated feed. When no alternative untreated food was offered, there was no significant repellency. Treatment of animal feed with TP‐40 to give 2.0 ml methyl anthranilate kg^?1 or less had no repellent effect on sparrows. Concentrations of 4.0 ml kg^?1 or more repelled the sparrows significantly. When no untreated feed was presented, pigeons and sparrows preferred the lowest concentration of methyl anthranilate presented. When AG‐36 was tested on vegetable sprouts, the sparrows tended significantly to avoid the highest concentration used—14.5 ml methyl anthranilate litre^?1 spray. The inter‐specific differences between the birds indicate that the efficacy of methyl anthranilate formulations as a repellent has to be specified for every species. This study did not determine (1) the possibility of developing habituation, (2) the behaviour of birds under natural conditions in the field, or (3) the influence of the feeding behaviour of a sympatric bird species on the repellency of methyl anthranilate to other species. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

甲磺隆的应用技术及对后茬作物的安全性研究

在冬小麦 1～ 2叶期施用甲磺隆 1.8～ 2.5 g/hm2 ,可有效防除北京地区麦田常见阔叶杂草 ,优于当前常用除草剂苯磺隆 15g/hm2 春季施用的除草效果 ,安全性与春季施用苯磺隆 15g/hm2 相当。实验室降解结果表明 ,当甲磺隆初始浓度为 6.25μg/kg以下时 ,经过215d后 ,对后茬玉米安全。研究表明 ,向日葵是甲磺隆理想的生物测定试材 ,对甲磺隆的最低检出浓度达到 0.125μg/kg,其根长抑制率与除草剂浓度有高度的相关性 ,最佳的剂量 -反应模型为 y=a+b lnx     

稻瘟菌不同小种间可溶性蛋白及酯酶同工酶的多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶泳对来自太湖稻区的１０个水稻稻瘟病菌株和２个禾本科杂草瘟菌的可溶性蛋白及酯酶同工酶进行了分析比较。结果表明：供试菌株菌体可溶性蛋白可呈现１６～２５条电泳谱带，其中在Ｒｆ值为０．２３，０．３３，０．４４的３条谱带为１２２个菌株所共有，没有发现生理小种特异性谱带。对１２个菌株α－酯酶同工酶的分析表明，在所有菌株同工酶谱带中可分辩出具有不同迁移率的１２条谱带，据此可将菌株分为８个不同的同工酶谱带类型。同时表明，α－酯酶同工酶在太湖稻区稻瘟病菌中存在丰富的多态性，但其谱带类型与病菌生理小种无相关性。     

Inhibition of juvenile hormone biosynthesis and methyl farnesoate epoxidase activity by 1,5-disubstituted imidazoles in the cockroach,Diploptera punctata

Seventeen substituted imidazoles were tested as inhibitors of juvenile hormone (JH) III synthesis by cockroach corpora allata in an in-vitro radio-chemical assay. Most of these 1,5-disubstituted imidazoles were highly potent, with IC₅₀ values of less than 100nM. The compounds differed in their ability to cause an accumulation of the precursor methyl farnesoate in the glands. Four of the imidazoles were tested by topical application to previtellogenic adult females, and all caused a significant inhibition of JH synthesis and an accumulation of intraglandular methyl farnesoate for at least three days after treatment. Methyl farnesoate epoxidase activity of homogenates of corpora allata was inhibited by the compounds TH -14 and TH -27. This P450-dependent epoxidase activity was inhibited at less than 10 nM. The results show that the 1,5-disubstituted imidazoles are powerful inhibitors of the last step of juvenile synthesis in this cockroach.     

甲壳动物保幼激素的研究

近年来，在甲壳动物大颚腺中发现了一种具有保幼激素活性的物质——法呢酸甲酯（MF），它是一昆虫保幼激素Ⅲ（JHⅢ）结构相似的一种倍半萜类化合物，对甲壳动物的生长、发育和繁殖有重要调控作用，而MF的分泌受到眼柄等因子的负调节作用。     

Tank-mix adjuvants and pesticide residues: some regulatory and quantitative aspects

Although it is well known that judicious use of adjuvants can increase the performance of foliage-applied sprays of many agrochemicals, little information is available in the public domain about their ultimate effects on pesticide residues in treated crops. In the present work, the influence of Agral (polyoxyethylene nonylphenols), Toil (methyl esters of rapeseed fatty acids) and Bond (styrene-butadiene copolymers) on surface and crop residues of diclofop-methyl/diclofop and propiconazole in wheat and field beans was investigated using a model system simulating field practice. Pesticides were applied as commercial formulations, diclofop-methyl 378 g litre(-1) EC (Hoegrass) and propiconazole 250 g litre(-1) EC (Tilt), at their maximum approved rates, 1135 g AI ha(-1) and 125 g AI ha(-1), respectively, both in the presence or absence of the maximum rate recommended for each candidate adjuvant. No detectable residues of diclofop-methyl or propiconazole were found in wheat 35 days after any of the four applications. However, residues of diclofop were present in this crop, and those from applications containing Agral (0.07 mg kg(-1) fresh weight (FW)) or Bond (0.08 mg kg(-1) FW) were significantly lower than those with no adjuvant (0.14 mg kg(-1) FW) or Toil (0.16 mg kg(-1) FW). Unlike wheat, residues of both diclofop and propiconazole were detected in field beans after harvest. Significantly higher residues of the former were recorded from the applications with Agral or Bond (ca 0.32 mg kg(-1) FW) than with those with no adjuvant or Toil (ca 0.15mg kg(-1) FW). All the propiconazole applications containing adjuvants showed a similar significant increase in residues (0.10-0.16 mg AI kg(-1) FW) over the no-adjuvant treatment (0.05 mg kg(-1) FW) in this crop. There appeared to be little agreement between the apparent amounts of uptake, as indicated by the rates of decline of surface residues up to 5 days after application, and final residues in either target species. On wheat, surface residues of diclofop-methyl decreased from initially ca 20 to as little as 0.02 mg kg(-1) FW using adjuvants; the corresponding values for propiconazole were ca 2 to ca 0.03 mg kg(-1) FW. Recoveries of diclofop-methyl from the surfaces of field beans were much higher than those from wheat, declining from ca 30 to only ca 6 mg kg(-1) FW during the course of 5 days; the corresponding residues for propiconazole were ca 2 mg to 0.15 mg kg(-1) FW. These findings are discussed in relation to uptake results obtained with radiolabelled pesticides and adjuvants in the laboratory, and to the mandatory requirements for pesticide residue data for the authorised use of adjuvants in the UK.