Toxicity of azinphos-methyl to various development stages of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The response to azinphos-methyl of different life-stages of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) was studied. A similarity in response to azinphos-methyl (LC(50), LC(90)) was observed in neonate larvae obtained from the first and second generations of field populations. Mortality rates for neonate larvae of a field population cross-bred with a laboratory colony were lower (by a factor of 1.2-2.2) in comparison with field neonate larvae. The mortality rate of larvae from a laboratory colony exposed to artificial diet containing azinphos-methyl gradually decreased at older instars. The mortality rates of fifth-instar larvae were remarkably low when exposed to artificial diet mixed with azinphos-methyl or when topically treated with the insecticide. One- to three-day-old females were more sensitive than males of the same age, whereas the opposite was observed in 14-to 17-day-old adults. Mortality rates of 14- to 17-day-old adults were higher than those under 10 days old. No significant difference in sensitivity to the organophosphorus compound was noticed between the sexes of 7- to 10-day-old adults. Neonate larvae of the codling moth can serve as a target life-stage for various groups of pesticides, and the importance of using such a stage as a standardized methodology for monitoring resistance in the codling moth is discussed.     

Cross-resistance profile of mesosulfuron-methyl-resistant Italian ryegrass in the southern United States

Diclofop-resistant Lolium species (ryegrass) is a major weed problem in wheat production worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the resistance pattern of diclofop-resistant ryegrass accessions from the southern United States to mesosulfuron-methyl, a recently commercialized herbicide for ryegrass control in wheat; to determine the cross-resistance pattern of a Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Italian ryegrass) accession, 03-1, to acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors; and to determine the resistance mechanism of Italian ryegrass to mesosulfuron-methyl. Seventeen ryegrass accessions from Arkansas and Louisiana, including standard resistant and susceptible accessions, were used in this experiment. Fourteen of the 17 accessions were more resistant (four- to > 308-fold) to diclofop than the standard susceptible biotype. One accession, 03-1, was resistant to mesosulfuron-methyl as well as to other ALS inhibitor herbicides such as chlorsulfuron, imazamox and sulfometuron. Accession 03-1, however, did not show multiple resistance to the ACCase inhibitor herbicides diclofop, fluazifop, clethodim, sethoxydim and pinoxaden, nor to glyphosate. The in vivo ALS activity of the 03-1 biotype was less affected by mesosulfuron-methyl than the susceptible biotype. This indicates that the resistance mechanism of Italian ryegrass to mesosulfuron-methyl is partly due to an alteration in the target enzyme, ALS. It is concluded that diclofop-resistant ryegrass in the southern United States can be generally controlled by mesosulfuron-methyl. However, mesosulfuron-methyl must be used with caution because not all ryegrass populations are susceptible to it. There is a need for more thorough profiling of ryegrass resistance to herbicides.     

许氏平鮋消化道中部分消化酶的研究

对许氏平 (Sebastesschlegeli)消化道内的 5种与消化吸收有关的酶进行分布和活性测定。结果表明 ,(1)肠道各段均具很高碱性磷酸酶活性 ,最适 pH为 9.7。食道和胃几乎没有碱性磷酸酶活性。 (2 )消化道各部位均含酸性磷酸酶 ,肠道活性最高 ,自幽门盲囊起依次递降。食道和胃酸性磷酸酶活性明显低于肠 ,胃和肠酸性磷酸酶的最适 pH均为 5 .3。 (3)肠道中羧酸酯酶活性明显高于胃 ,且 2者羧酸酯酶最适 pH差别较大 ,分别为 8.4和 6 .8。(4)胃蛋白酶活性明显高于肠道 ,胃蛋白酶最适pH为 2 .6 ,肠蛋白酶最适 pH为 9.4。 (5 )胃淀粉酶活性明显低于肠道 ,胃淀粉酶最适 pH为 4 .6 ,肠道淀粉酶最适pH为 7.0。这表明许氏平对蛋白质的初步消化在胃中进行 ,在肠中进一步消化和吸收 ,而对糖类和脂类的消化和吸收主要在肠道进行     

黄原酸基高岭土对甲基橙的吸附性能研究

采用湿法工艺对高岭土进行改性,制备了黄原酸基高岭土（XK）。通过FT-IF、SEM分析对其进行表征,结果表明XK已成功合成;XK对甲基橙具有良好的吸附效果,其优点是处理后固液分离简便、快速。通过单因素试验得出最佳反应条件：温度25℃,p H值5-6、甲基橙初始质量浓度为200 mg/L、XK的用量为3.0 g/L、吸附30 min,甲基橙的去除率可达到99.86%,处理后残余甲基橙的浓度为0.282 4 mg/L,可达标排放。通过等温吸附模型研究,XK对甲基橙的吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附,说明XK对甲基橙的吸附是较为典型的单分子层吸附,且吸附容易进行。     

Effects of addition of a bird repellent to fish diets on their growth and bioaccumulation

The effects of adding the nonlethal bird repellent methyl anthranilate (MA), at levels of 100 and 1000 mg kg^?1, to fish feed on the bioaccumulation and growth of juvenile (10 g) hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis) and juvenile (1 g) African cichlid fish Aulonocara jacobfreibergi were investigated under laboratory conditions. The bird repellent did not have any effect on the fish growth or survival over a period of 6 weeks. MA residues at low levels of 11.2±2.6 μg g^?1 were found in lipophilic tissues (liver) of MA‐fed fish. Control fish, which had no MA added to their diet, had a much lower level of 0.6±0.3 μg g^?1 MA in their liver. Fish muscle was found to contain negligible MA residues, while the outer body surface mucus did not contain any MA. Following a 6‐week depuration period, during which the previously MA‐fed hybrid striped bass were fed a feed to which no MA was added, the levels of MA residues detected were reduced by one order of magnitude.     

饲料级果胶酶对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加饲料级果胶酶对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响。选择体重、健康状况基本一致的AA肉仔鸡240只,随机等分为试验组与对照组2个组,每组设3个重复,每重复40只,分成2个处理组,试验组饲喂在基础日粮中添加0.01％含6000U/g 的饲料级果胶酶的日粮,进行为期35d的试验。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组日增重提高9.51％（P〈0.05）;料重比降低7.06％（P〈0.05）;死淘率降低11.00％（P〈0.05）。说明在日粮中添加饲料级果胶酶可显著提高肉仔鸡的生长性能。     

栉孔扇贝血淋巴中酯酶活性及其性质

采用紫外分光光度法测定栉孔扇贝（Chlamysfarreri）血淋巴中酯酶的活性，并研究底物、抑制剂、激活剂、温度、pH对酯酶活力的影响及酶的热稳定性。结果表明，栉孔扇贝血清与血细胞中均存在酯酶，且血细胞中的酶活力高于血清。血清与血细胞中酯酶的最适作用底物有所不同，血清中为α-醋酸萘酯，而血细胞中为α-丁酸萘酯。当以α-醋酸萘酯为底物时，血清中酯酶的最适温度为45℃，最适pH值为7．5；以α-丁酸萘酯为底物时，血清中酯酶的最适温度为40℃，最适pH值为8．0。以α-醋酸萘酯及α-丁酸萘酯为底物分别测定酶的热稳定时，酶活力变化相似，在20℃时活力最高，而后缓慢下降。栉孔扇贝血淋巴中酯酶属中温型中性酶类，低温下较稳定，底物专一性不强，血清中的酯酶可能来自血细胞，该酶在贝类的免疫防御中町发挥重要的作用。     

亚硒酸钠对甲基汞中毒大鼠的影响研究

以4 mg/kg氯化甲基汞灌胃28天,建立SD大鼠甲基汞亚急性中毒模型.再给予高、中、低三个剂量的亚硒酸钠,选择补硒后0、30、60、90 d四个时间点进行研究.通过考察大鼠体重、生化指标、汞和硒在体内的分布与排出情况,来研究补充不同剂量、不同天数的硒对甲基汞中毒大鼠的影响.结果表明：对甲基汞中毒大鼠补硒后,可加快体重增长,且表现为低剂量组＞中剂量组＞高剂量组.与对照组相比,补硒30 d的肝脏GSH-Px（谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶）和60d的血清GSH-Px显著升高,60 d的肝脏MDA（丙二醛）显著降低,对肾脏无明显影响.补硒组在补硒20 d内,会抑制尿液中汞的排出,高、中剂量组在60 d后可增加汞在脑和肝中的蓄积.试验证实硒对甲基汞中毒具有一定的解毒作用,可加快体重增长,降低肝脏的氧化损伤,以最大无作用剂量补充60 d为宜.     

预处理对香蕉片质构特性的影响

[目的]优选能够有效改善香蕉果肉质构性质的预处理方法.[方法]选用香蕉为原料,探讨了热烫处理、外源钙离子、果胶甲酯酶及复合处理对鲜切香蕉片质构特性的影响.[结果]试验表明,果胶甲酯酶复合热处理对香蕉片硬化效果较理想,在添加0.005％果胶甲酯酶（以浸泡液质量计）时,香蕉片硬化效果最优.相较于其他处理方式,香蕉片硬度、弹性和咀嚼性得到了明显的改善.[结论]该试验可为香蕉深加工工艺的研究提供理论基础.     

脱氢松香基有机小分子凝胶因子的合成及其性能

用12-溴-13,14-双硝基脱氢松香酸甲酯合成了一种新型的有机小分子凝胶因子1,4a-二甲基-6-溴-1,2,3,4,4a,17,18,18a-八氢萘基[2,1-h]二吡啶并[3,2-a:2,3-c]吩嗪甲酸甲酯(DBNPM),通过1H NMR,13C NMR,MS和IR等表征手段对产物结构进行了表征。为了考察此小分子凝胶因子的自组装行为,研究了该分子在不同有机溶剂中的成胶性能和形貌。研究发现,在甲醇中临界成胶浓度(CGC)最低,为0.5 g/L;但是在二氧六环中凝胶性质最为稳定。扫描电镜(SEM)照片显示,从甲醇溶剂中得到的干胶呈片状结构,从二氧六环溶剂中得到的干胶呈网状结构;通过红外光谱和XRD测试研究证实,该化合物分子间的氢键是凝胶化的重要驱动力之一。