茶油皂脚脂肪酸甲酯制备的水溶性改性胺固化物性能研究

以茶油皂脚脂肪酸甲酯制备的水溶性改性胺(CA-921)与水性环氧树脂固化,通过热重分析、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、机械性能测试及扫描电镜分析,研究了环氧树脂分散相粒子的粒径和黏度、环氧基与胺氢物质的量之比及固化温度对固化物性能的影响.研究结果表明,黏度及粒径均较小的水性环氧乳液AB-EP-20与固化剂CA-921复配所...     

微波-超临界CO_2萃取联用萃取柚皮果胶工艺研究

采用超临界CO2萃取与微波处理技术相结合萃取柚皮果胶,探讨了微波辐射功率、萃取时间、萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量对柚皮果胶得率的影响,并采用正交试验对实验方案进行优化。研究结果表明:当原料用量5 g、微波辐射功率450 W、萃取时间15 min、萃取压力8.5 MPa、萃取温度40℃和CO2流量12 L/h时,果胶的平均得率22.63%,比相同条件下微波辅助水浴加热提取法的果胶得率高6.52个百分点。     

Ten-year response of the herbaceous layer to an operational herbicide-shelterwood treatment in a northern hardwood forest

Shelterwood seed cutting in conjunction with herbicide site preparation has proven effective at regenerating Allegheny hardwood forests, but the long-term impact of this silvicultural system on herbaceous vegetation has not been determined. From 1994 to 2004, we studied the impacts of operational herbicide site preparation using glyphosate plus sulfometuron methyl herbicides in the context of a shelterwood seed cut. Our study took place on 10 partially cut sites on the Allegheny National Forest in northwestern Pennsylvania. Half of each site received herbicide and half did not in a split-plot design with repeated measures. Fences were erected after year six because deer impact had increased. Resilience of individual species and the community were determined using measures of percent cover by species or species groups and indices of diversity and similarity comparing post-treatment to pre-treatment conditions and controls. In the short term, abundance of all species was reduced and there were four fewer species on average in treated areas. No species was eliminated by herbicide across all sites in the long term. Graminoids were more abundant on treated plots after year six. Targeted ferns remained less abundant on treated than control plots after 10 years. Species richness recovered within 4 years following treatment. Shannon Diversity and Shannon Evenness were greater in treated than in control plots over the full study period, but the differences were not significant in any single year. The richness-based Jaccard index of similarity did not differ between control and treatment plots after year two, while relative abundance influenced indices showed significant differences through year eight. Results suggest that herbaceous layer vegetation is resilient to the disturbance created by herbicide-shelterwood treatments.     

小麦根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附/解吸特性及其与耐铝性的关系

研究了耐铝性明显差异的2个小麦基因型西矮麦1号(耐性)和辐84系(敏感)根系对铝毒胁迫的反应与根尖细胞壁组分以及细胞壁对铝的吸附和解吸的关系。结果表明,30mol/L.AlCl3可迅速抑制小麦根系伸长,但对辐84系根系伸长的抑制更为明显,且小麦根系相对伸长率随着铝浓度的提高而急剧降低。在30mol/L.AlCl3处理24h后,西矮麦1号根系伸长的抑制率为33.3%,而辐84系根系伸长的抑制率高达70.9%。小麦距根尖0～10.mm根段的铝含量和细胞壁中果胶糖醛酸含量显著高于10～20.mm根段,且前者对铝的累积吸附量明显大于后者;在0～10.mm根段,敏感基因型果胶含量高于耐性基因型,其根尖含铝量及根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附量都要大于后者。采用1.0.mol/L.NH3.H2O对细胞壁预处理2.h降低果胶甲基酯化程度后,耐性和敏感基因型根尖细胞壁对铝的累积吸附量分别降低了17.1%和20.9%,但对铝的累积解吸率没有影响。由此可见,小麦根尖是铝毒的主要位点,细胞壁果胶含量和果胶甲基酯化程度可能是导致不同小麦基因型根尖细胞壁对铝吸附量、铝积累量的差异及其对铝毒胁迫反应的差异的重要原因。     

Impact of soil fumigation practices on soil nematodes and microbial biomass

This study was designed to understand the impact of methyl bromide (MB) (CHaBr) and its alternatives on both free-living and root-knot nematodes in the soil. A randomized complete block experiment with six treatments and 4 replicates (each replicate in a separate greenhouse) was established in Qingzhou, Shandong Province, China. In addition to MB and untreated control (CK) treatments there were four alternative soil fumigation practices including MB virtually impermeable films (VIF), metam sodium (MS), MS VIF and soil solarization combined with selected biological control agents (SS BCA). Two tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) cultivars, cv. Maofen-802 from the Xian Institute of Vegetable Science, China, and cv. AF179 Brillante from the Israeli Hazera Quality Seeds, were selected as test crops. The results indicated that Rhabditidae was the most dominant population with percentage abundance as high as 85% of the total number of identified free-living nematodes, followed by that of Cephalobidae. Methyl bromide and its alternatives except for the non-chemical SS BCA treatment controlled the target pest, root-knot nematodes. Also, the impact of the three chemical alternatives on free-living nematode number and functional group abundance was similar to the impact associated with a typical methyl bromide application. Chemical fumigation practices, especially that with MB, significantly reduced the number of nematodes in the soil and simultaneously significantly reduced the number of nematode genera thereby reducing nematode diversity. All the four soil chemical fumigation activities decreased soil microbial biomass and had an obvious initial impact on microorganism biomass. Furthermore, both plant-parasitic and fungivore nematodes were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass.     

土壤中结合残留态甲磺隆的微生物降解研究

主要进行了优选菌株青霉 (Penicilliumsp .)对土壤中结合残留态甲磺隆的降解研究 ,结果表明 ,优选菌株的引入对土壤中可提态甲磺隆的影响不大 ,但对结合残留态甲磺隆的降解和矿化有较大影响。在结合残留态甲磺隆中 ,优选菌株青霉的引入有利于松结态甲磺隆尤其是松结态富里酸甲磺隆的降解。     

芦柑皮果胶提取工艺的研究

以烘干芦柑皮的粉末作为原料,采用酸水解乙醇沉淀法提取粗果胶.在参考料液比、pH值、浸提温度、浸提时间4个单因素提取效果的基础上,进行了L9(34)正交试验.优化试验以及方差分析结果表明,芦柑皮果胶提取的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1:10,pH值2.0,浸提温度85℃,浸提时间60min.在上述条件下,制备的果胶样品颜色呈乳...     

干旱胁迫下茉莉酸甲酯对茶苗光合性能的影响

研究了水分胁迫下茉莉酸甲酯(MJ)对茶苗光合作用的改善效应,结果表明,叶面喷施MJ的茶苗在水分胁迫下,体和H2O2含量则较低;经MJ处理的受旱茶苗,叶绿素降解较少,叶绿素—蛋白内SOD和CAT活性比未经处理的高,而O-·2质复合体牢固度与对照接近,而未经处理的茶苗则有较大幅度的改变;MJ处理提高了叶绿体膜系结构稳定性,减缓了受旱苗叶绿体超微结构的损伤,提高了叶片的光合速率.     

黄瓜病害控制中多菌灵和甲基硫菌灵的替代药剂评价

广泛使用的杀菌剂多菌灵和甲基硫菌灵对人类和环境生物存在较高的安全风险。从防治效果看，温室内黄瓜叶片上喷雾施用异菌脲（0．562kg·hm^-2）、嘧霉胺（0．450kg·hm^-2）和啶菌恶唑（0．070kg·hm^-2）对黄瓜灰霉病（Botrytiscinema）的控制效果均达到70％以上；喷雾施用氟硅唑（0．056kg·hm^-2）、嘧菌酯（0．141kg·hm^-2）、醚菌酯（0．141kg·hm^-2）和腈菌唑（0．028kg·hm^-2）对黄瓜白粉病（Sphaerotheca．fuliginea）也有较好的控制效果。从危害水平看，除百菌清外，根据其他几种备选农药相关参数计算得到的危害水平值均低于多菌灵和甲基硫菌灵。防效试验和危害水平对比相结合说明，在推荐剂量范围内，异菌脲、嘧霉胺、啶菌恶唑3种药剂可以代替多菌灵，而氟硅唑、嘧菌酯、醚菌酯和腈菌唑4种药剂可以代替甲基硫菌灵，分别用于防治黄瓜灰霉病和黄瓜白粉病，从而降低由这两种药剂使用而造成的潜在危害。     

赤眼蜂寄生后亚洲玉米螟卵内保幼激素酯酶活力与蜕皮激素滴度的变化

采用放射化学法（RC）与放射免疫法（RIA）分别测定了被玉米螟赤眼蜂（Trichogramma ostriniae)寄生的亚洲玉米螟（Ostrinia furnacalis)卵内保幼激素酯酶活力与蜕皮激素滴度的变化。结果发现，被寄生的卵内，保幼激素酯酶活力和蜕皮激素滴度的变化在很大程度上反映了玉米螟赤眼蜂从卵到蛹的个体发育过程中体内激素的动态变化。与玉米螟卵内激素变化显不同，说明早期被寄生的玉米螟卵内进行的是玉米螟赤眼蜂的个体发育，而玉米玉米螟的胚胎发育受到了抑制。