Ultrastructural and cytochemical investigations of pathogen development and host reactions in susceptible and partially-resistant carrot roots infected by Pythium violae, the major causal agent for cavity spot

Two carrot genotypes, cultivar Nanco and line 24, susceptible and partially- resistant respectively to cavity spot, were compared ultrastructurally and cytochemically 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after root inoculation with a virulent Pythium violae isolate. The extent of pathogen ingress and the response of the host differed markedly with the two genotypes. In cv Nanco, growth of fungal hyphae was predominantly intracellular and was accompanied by pronounced damage; by 48 h after inoculation, pericycle and the first cell layers of the phloem parenchyma were invaded, resulting in host wall dissolution and cytoplasm aggregation. The growth of P. violae in line 24 was limited to the pericycle, even up to 72 h after inoculation; fungal colonization was accompanied by retraction of cytoplasm and in the appearance of granular or fibrillar material in the host cell lumen. Some affected host cells were filled with structureless osmophilic material. In cultivar Nanco, invading fungal hyphae were unaffected; by contrast in line 24, the cytoplasm of invading hyphae, particularly those inside the cell host, was disorganised and structureless. Infection and host response in the two cultivars were studied with two specific labels: Aplysia gonad lectin (AGL), a polygalacturonic acid-binding lectin, and an exoglucanase complexed to colloidal gold were used to locate pectin and cellulosic -(1,4)-glucans respectively in infected tissues. The decrease of cytochemical labeling beyong fungal penetration showed clearly hydrolysis of pectin and cellulose in cell walls of the cv Nanco. By contrast, the cell wall of line 24 remained largely intact, although, unlabeled amorphous and electron-dense material was observed inside the wall. Fibrillar or electron dense material commonly observed in infected tissue of line 24 apparently did not contain pectic or cellulosic substances. Moreover, material observed in host cells or fungal hyphae was also free of labeling. The origin and the chemical composition of these compounds as well as their possible role in the defence mechanisms of carrot against P. violae are discussed.     

火龙果皮果胶的酶法提取及其理化性质研究

以火龙果皮为原料,采用纤维素酶法提取火龙果皮果胶,通过单因素试验结合正交试验优化火龙果皮果胶提取工艺参数,并分析火龙果皮果胶性质。结果表明,火龙果皮果胶的最佳提取工艺为：纤维素酶添加量50%,料液比1∶60 (g/mL),提取时间1.5 h,提取温度55 ℃,缓冲液pH 4.0。在该条件下,火龙果皮果胶得率为29.25%,酯化度24.58%,属于低酯果胶,其各项理化指标均符合GB 25533—2010的要求。     

超声-微波协同提取百香果皮果胶的工艺研究

以果胶得率为分析指标,采用超声-微波协同提取百香果干果皮果胶,利用响应面分析法优化其工艺条件。结果表明,百香果皮果胶超声-微波协同提取的最佳工艺参数为：液料比30 mL/g,pH 2.0,温度50 ℃,水浴60 min,超声功率50 W、微波功率600 W、超声-微波时间8.0 min,在此条件下,果胶得率可达(12.14±0.06)%。超声-微波协同法的提取效果与单独水提、超声、微波法的相比,得率分别提高了47.33%、34.74%和23.50%,3种提取方法的酯化度均≥50%,其说明百香果皮果胶属于高甲氧基果胶。扫描电镜结果显示,百香果皮细胞壁在超声-微波协同作用下破碎更为彻底,利于果胶溶出。     

豌豆不同耐铝品种根尖细胞壁果胶及其甲基酯化度的差异

【目的】研究豌豆不同品种耐铝性和根尖根段耐铝性与果胶及其甲基酯化间的关系,为进一步揭示植物耐铝机理以及耐铝性状的遗传改良提供依据。【方法】以豌豆品种Hyogo和Alaska为试验材料,采用Hoagland培养方式,测定了不同品种不同根段果胶含量、 果胶甲基酯化度和果胶甲酯酶活性,研究了其差异及原因。【结果】在15和30 μmol/L铝浓度胁迫条件下,豌豆品种Alaska根相对伸长率均显著高于品种Hyogo,同时有根尖0~5 mm和5~10 mm段有更少的胼胝质生成和累积,在30 μmol/L浓度下不同根段间均达到显著差异,同时品种Hyogo根尖0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm段铝含量均显著高于品种Alaska,说明品种Alaska和品种Hyogo间存在耐铝性差异,其中品种Alaska耐铝性高于品种Hyogo,即品种Hyogo为铝敏感品种,品种Alaska是耐铝品种。比较两者不同根段(0~2.5 mm、 2.5~5.0 mm和5.0~10.0 mm)的铝含量与果胶含量、 果胶甲基酯化度、 PME活性间的关系,发现耐铝品种不同根段中的铝含量均小于敏感品种,并且在0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm段间达到显著性差异; 根尖不同根段果胶糖醛酸含量大小依次为0~2.5＞2.5~5.0＞5.0~10.0 mm,耐铝品种Alaska根尖细胞壁果胶和未甲酯化果胶含量均显著低于Hyogo,并且0~2.5 mm根段差异最大。根尖不同根段果胶甲基酯化度从根尖向上逐渐降低,并且耐铝品种Alaska高于铝敏感品种Hyogo,其中0~2.5 mm段间的差异达到显著水平;在对两个品种果胶甲基酯化酶(PME)活性进一步分析发现,PME活性大小依次为0~2.5＞2.5~5.0＞5.0~10.0 mm,两品种0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm根段间均达到显著差异。【结论】铝敏感品种Hyogo在0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm根段具有较高 PME活性和较低果胶甲基酯化程度。豌豆根尖果胶含量和甲基酯化度尤其是0~2.5 mm根段是豌豆耐铝性差异的重要原因;Alaska根尖细胞壁的果胶含量低和果胶甲基酯化度高(尤其是0~2.5 mm段)是其耐铝的重要机制。     

CO2脱涩对柿细胞壁果胶构成、提取及理化性质的影响

[目的]比较不同程度CO2脱涩处理的涩柿细胞壁果胶组成差异,分析脱涩对柿果果胶提取率和理化性质的影响,为涩柿果胶的高效提取和应用提供技术支持.[方法]以金瓶柿为试材,分别进行未脱涩处理及采用90%~95%CO2处理15 h后室温放置24 h、处理24 h后室温放置24 h、处理40 h后室温放置48 h 3种脱涩处理.通过福林酚法测定柿果可溶性和不溶性单宁含量,半乳糖醛酸法测定细胞壁果胶组分含量;利用超声波辅助酸提法提取柿果果胶,并分析果胶提取率、色泽、半乳糖醛酸含量、酯化度、单糖组成等理化性质.[结果]随着CO2脱涩处理时间的延长,柿果可溶性单宁含量降低,不溶性单宁含量升高,水溶性果胶含量先降低后升高,螯合性果胶和酸溶性果胶含量先升高后降低;果胶提取率随柿果脱涩程度的提高而升高,90%~95%CO2处理40 h后室温放置48 h的柿果果胶提取率是未脱涩柿果的4.00倍;提取的果胶亮度L*显著降低(P<0.05,下同),半乳糖醛酸含量显著升高;提取的果胶均为高甲氧基果胶,均含有鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖和半乳糖醛酸,其中阿拉伯糖和木糖相对百分含量随着脱涩时间的延长而逐渐降低,半乳糖醛酸相对百分含量则逐渐升高.[结论]CO2脱涩处理可显著提高柿果果胶提取率,并影响提取果胶的理化性质,因此脱涩可作为制备柿果果胶的前处理工序,以90%~95%CO2处理柿果40 h后室温放置48 h的脱涩方式提取得到的果胶品质更佳.     

桔皮中提取果胶的优化工艺

通过正交实验设计,利用方差分析,确定了提取果胶的最佳方案为按干桔皮与质量分数０．５％的ＨＣｌ的质量比１：９投料,在９０℃下保温浸提０．５ｈ。     

山楂果胶提取工艺的研究

为研究山楂果胶有效提取工艺方法,以干燥的山楂果粉为原料,采用传统的酸法(直接加热法)和微波辐射法提取果胶,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定果胶提取的最佳工艺参数。结果表明:山楂果胶提取的最佳工艺为微波辐射提取,功率700W,料液比为1∶30,提取液pH 2.0,提取时间为120s,果胶提取率为5.7%。与传统的酸法直接加热提取相比,微波提取果胶提取率增加了1.0%,提取时间也缩短为传统酸法提取的1/40倍。     

南瓜果胶提取方法及果胶得率与理化特性相关性研究

对南瓜提取果胶前的预处理及3种不同提取方法的效果进行比较,并通过单因素试验对其螯合剂＋超声波＋蛋白酶提取果胶的最佳条件进行了初步研究,并对南瓜果肉、果皮中果胶提取得率与其南瓜理化特性的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：添加2.0 g/L EDTA 0.1%,蛋白酶0.7%,料液比1∶20,温度50℃,pH值4.5,超声提取40 min为最佳提取工艺。南瓜果肉果胶提取得率与水分呈显著负相关（r=-0.615,P〈0.05）,果胶得率与总纤维素呈极显著正相关（r=0.660,P〈0.01）。南瓜果皮果胶提取与果皮水份呈显著负相关（r=-0.641,P〈0.05）,与果皮固形物呈显著正相关（r=-0.638,P〈0.05）。