南瓜果胶脱色方法比较

用活性炭、双氧水及树脂对南瓜果胶水解液进行脱色试验,将几种脱色效果进行了比较并确定了最佳脱色条件.选用阴离子树脂(20l×7)与D900两种树脂交叉使用,脱色温度20℃,摆幅7,脱色12 h,效果最佳.     

Effect of supplementation of dietary fibre concentrates on biochemical parameters,stress response,immune response and skin mucus of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen)

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of different dietary fibre concentrates (DFC: Mucilage = MG; pectin = PN or β‐glucan+mannan = βg+M), on biochemical parameters, stress and immune response and skin mucus of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). The fish (7.16 ± 0.06 g) were fed with Control diet (0 g/kg of DFC); diet supplemented with 5 g/kg of commercial prebiotic (CP 5) or diets supplemented with 5 or 10 g/kg of MG; PN or βg+M. After 8 weeks of the feeding trials, biochemical parameters (cholesterol, glucose, albumin and total protein), cortisol, immunoglobulin IgM and mucoproteins of skin mucus were assessed. Results demonstrated that supplementation with PN increased cholesterol levels (p<.05). After application of the stressor, most fish, except those in the PN and 10 g/kg MG groups, showed significant increases (p<.05) in cholesterol, glucose and albumin levels. The jundiás showed no difference in cortisol levels after application of the stressor (p>.05). IgM levels were significantly high in fish supplemented with DFC (p<.05). However, the concentration of mucoproteins in skin mucus was not influenced in the different treatments (p>.05). The results showed that supplementation with DFC promoted beneficial effects on the metabolism of jundiá.     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌防治番茄果实灰霉病及其抑菌物质分析

通过对峙培养法筛选对灰葡萄孢菌有显著拮抗性的产芽胞细菌,利用番茄果实检测拮抗菌及其发酵上清液对灰霉病的防治效果,采用ESI-MS检测拮抗菌发酵上清液粗提取物中主要抑菌物质并利用PCR检测合成抑菌物质的相关基因,通过菌体菌落形态观察、生理生化试验、16S rDNA及gyrB分析对拮抗细菌进行种属鉴定。结果表明,分离筛选的拮抗菌fqhm-13及其发酵上清液对番茄果实灰霉病防治效果分别达到69.0%和78.1%。fqhm-13发酵上清液粗提取物中主要抑菌物质为脂肽抗生素C14 ~ C16的surfactin A和C15 ~ C17的iturin A。fqhm-13基因组中含有脂肽抗生素合成基因ituC、ituD、fenD和srfAB。fqhm-13菌株为解淀粉芽胞杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）。该研究为利用芽胞杆菌及其代谢产物防治番茄果实灰霉病奠定了材料基础。     

缺硼和低pH对枳苗根系细胞壁组分及细胞中硼分布的影响

采用营养液培养的方法,设置pH值为4、5、6,硼浓度为0（缺硼）和10 μmol ? L-1（适宜硼）,探究营养液低pH与柑橘砧木枳[Poncirus trifoliate（L）Raf.]幼苗根细胞壁组分及各组分中硼含量的关系。结果表明：①缺硼和低pH值均抑制根系生长;硼适宜时pH 4处理的根系长度比pH 5和pH 6处理减少了26%和29%,但根系干物质量变化不显著;缺硼时pH 4处理的根系干物质量也显著减少。②硼适宜时pH 4处理的地下部硼含量显著增加,且原生质体硼和游离态硼占根硼的比例均降低;缺硼时pH 4处理的原生质体硼占根硼的比例增加,游离态硼占根硼的比例没有显著变化。③缺硼时,pH 4处理细胞壁提取率显著低于pH 6处理。④不论适宜硼或缺硼,pH 4处理均显著降低根系细胞壁中螯合态果胶含量;适宜硼时碱溶性果胶含量pH 4和pH 5处理分别比pH 6减少了26%和18%;缺硼时pH 4处理比pH 5和pH 6处理减少了约20%。⑤硼适宜时根系纤维素含量随pH值降低而降低,pH 4处理比pH 6处理降低了13.8%;缺硼时低pH对根系纤维素含量影响不大。⑥大部分硼都结合在果胶中,且碱溶性果胶中的硼（Alk-B）的比例大于螯合态果胶（Chel-B）中的。以上结果说明,pH值会通过影响根系细胞壁组分及组分中硼含量而影响根系的伸长生长。     

Effects of iron toxicity on the morphological and biological characteristics of rice root border cells

Toxicity of Fe²⁺ is one of the major constraints for lowland rice production in tropical and subtropical areas. The root tip is a primary site of iron (Fe²⁺) toxicity in rice. To explore the effects of iron toxicity on the morphological and biological characteristics on the border cells in rice (Oryza sativa L.), experiments were carried out using the border cells in two cultivars. The experimental results revealed the following properties of border cells shared by both rice cultivars: the first border cells appeared almost synchronously with the emergence of the primary root tip; the number of border cells reached maximum when the root was 25 mm long; the border cells were most viable when the root length was 20 mm; and the relative activity of pectin methylesterase (PME) was the highest when the root length was 2 mm. The two rice cultivars exhibited different trends in their response to Fe²⁺ toxicity: the number of root border cells in Fe²⁺-resistant Zhongyou 9288 increased when experiencing low levels of Fe²⁺ treatment, but then declined at higher Fe²⁺ levels. The number of root border cells in Fe²⁺-sensitive Shanyou No. 10, however, declined rapidly when the concentration of Fe²⁺ increased. The results also showed that Fe²⁺ toxicity hindered the development of root border cells of both rice cultivars, but the Fe²⁺ sensitive variety experienced thickened the root cap cell walls that led to programmed cell death.     

酸解醇沉法提取柑橘皮果胶工艺的优化

以干燥的柑橘皮为试材,采用酸解醇沉法提取果胶,通过单因素实验及正交实验研究料液比、pH值、浸提温度、浸提时间以及乙醇浓度对柑橘皮果胶提取率的影响。结果表明:料液比是影响柑橘皮果胶提取率的最主要因素;提取果胶的最优工艺条件为:浸提温度85℃、料液比1∶8、pH 2.0、浸提时间45min、乙醇浓度为90%,在此条件下,柑橘皮果胶的提取率达到14.86%。     

全脂和低脂模拟干酪的流变及质构特性研究

分别通过TA.XT2i质构分析仪和AR1000流变仪对全脂和低脂模拟干酪进行全质构分析以及稳态及动态流变分析。结果表明,降低脂肪含量,全质构分析数据除了弹性及内聚性以外全部显著下降。稳态流变结果显示,模拟干酪在不同温度下均表现出非牛顿假塑性流体特性。采用power－law模型可以很好地对其数据进行拟合。动态流变分析表明,相对于低脂样品来说,高脂干酪更具有固态特性。黏弹性参数如弹性模量、黏性模量、复合黏度均与振荡频率有关。从流变和质构的角度来看,低脂和高酯干酪有明显区别。因而对干酪样品的流变和质构特性进行分析对于改善其加工工艺及品质保证是非常有意义的。     

南瓜果实贮藏期果胶含量的变化研究

用咔唑比色法对贮藏0d~60d期间的印度南瓜品种"日本蜜栗"的果胶含量进行了测定。结果表明,在贮藏期,水溶性果胶、草酸性果胶总趋势是下降的,酸溶性果胶呈上升趋势,总果胶含量呈下降趋势。在30d~40d 3种果胶含量都达到高峰。适宜的贮藏食用期在40d之内。     

低酯果胶的流变学性能研究

以商品低酯果胶为研究对象,以AR-500型动态流变仪为主要设备,考察低酯果胶溶液的流变学基本特性,以及温度、剪切速率、体系pH值、金属离子、糖等因素对其流体性能的影响。结果表明,低酯果胶溶液是典型的剪切稀化型非牛顿流体,果胶浓度越高,溶液剪切稀化现象越严重。同时其溶液流体行为受温度、剪切速率、pH值等因素的影响。体系温度和pH值的升高均可导致溶液黏度降低;剪切速率的影响与果胶浓度有关,在低浓度条件下（0.3%）,低速率时（0～200 s^-1）剪切稀化现象越严重,高速率（400～700 s^-1）时转变为胀塑性流体;在高浓度（1%、2%）条件下,随着剪切速率增高,溶液流体逐渐趋向于理想状态的牛顿流体。金属二价离子对低酯果胶溶液有显著的增稠效应,其增稠效果与离子浓度呈正相关。     

不同柑橘类果胶分子的理化特性、结构及凝胶性能

为了解不同果胶的理化性质、结构与其功能特性的区别,拓展不同性能果胶的针对化应用,提高柑橘加工副产物的附加值。该研究采用酸提法从上饶柚子皮、赣南脐橙皮、南丰蜜桔皮、日本柚子皮、小青柑皮、柠檬皮6种柑橘类水果果皮渣中分别提取果胶,依次为HMP-1、HMP-2、HMP-3、HMP-4、HMP-5和HMP-6,并对其理化特性、结构及凝胶性能进行比较分析。结果表明：不同来源的6种柑橘果胶酯化度在67.20%～75.45%,均为高酯果胶（high methoxyl pectin, HMP）,具备阴离子多糖特性,在提取过程中均出现了不同程度的降解,理化特性和分子结构上存在一定差别。果胶的分子量、黏度、分子链结构等因素共同作用于果胶的凝胶性能,6种HMP均能形成具有一定强度的酸/糖凝胶,将水分截留在三维凝胶网络中,经历冻融循环过程持水性仍在96%以上,具备较好的稳定性。其中分子量较低的HMP-1和HMP-6凝胶强度最高,胶凝度均在200°以上,这与HMP-1的高同型半乳糖醛酸聚糖（HG）含量、较完整的分子结构,以及HMP-6较高的鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖-I（RG-I）含量及分支度有关,而分子量及黏度较高的HMP-5的弱凝胶强度则与其较大的分子链降解程度及低RG-I含量有关,表明HG和RG-I结构域对凝胶的形成均有促进作用。原子力显微镜图像也显示,HMP-1和HMP-6中出现较为明显的分子链交联。对不同柑橘类果胶的理化性质、结构与凝胶特性进行比较分析,为确定凝胶性能更加优异的提取原料、果胶的扩大化生产及针对性应用提供了理论参考。