芦柑皮果胶提取工艺的研究

以烘干芦柑皮的粉末作为原料,采用酸水解乙醇沉淀法提取粗果胶.在参考料液比、pH值、浸提温度、浸提时间4个单因素提取效果的基础上,进行了L9(34)正交试验.优化试验以及方差分析结果表明,芦柑皮果胶提取的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1:10,pH值2.0,浸提温度85℃,浸提时间60min.在上述条件下,制备的果胶样品颜色呈乳...     

Differential response of zucchini varieties to low storage temperature

Several parameters related to cold damage in zucchini have been measured in fruits from different varieties cultivated in the province of Almería (south-eastern Spain). The purpose of this work is to correlate physiological parameters with commercial quality and chilling damage, in order to establish reliable criteria for selecting varieties having better genetic adaptation to low-temperature storage. The results show that, for varieties harvested during February, the variety Natura was the best adapted to storage at 4 °C, as its fruits suffered less from chilling injuries, had a lower weight loss, and the levels of metabolites malonyldialdehyde and H₂O₂ were not as high as in the other varieties. Genetic variation was detected for some of the parameters analysed. The positive correlation among the levels of MDA, H₂O_2, and chilling injury, as well as the negative correlation among catalase and chilling injury, makes these parameters good indicators of chilling damage in our system.     

不同生育期和不同品种苜蓿的果胶含量及与其他营养素的相互关系

采用4×5两因子设计,研究了不同生育期(营养期、孕蕾期、开花初期和开花盛期)和不同品种(陇东、新疆大叶、L 173、Derby和Super 7)苜蓿中的果胶含量及与干物质、有机物质、粗蛋白、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素、钙和磷等的相互关系。结果表明,1)随着生育期的推移,苜蓿中果胶的含量逐渐降低,营养期、孕蕾期、开花初期和开花盛期5个品种的平均(干物质基础)果胶含量分别为11.2%,9.23%,9.07%和8.28%;2)苜蓿中果胶含量与其他各养分含量间存在显著相关关系,其中与粗蛋白质(r=0.952,P=0.048)呈显著正相关关系;与有机物质(r=-0.961,P=0.039)呈显著负相关关系;3)不同品种苜蓿间果胶及其他各养分含量(4个生育期平均,干物质基础,下同)存在显著差异,Super 7的果胶含量显著高于L 173(P<0.05);陇东苜蓿的粗蛋白含量显著高于新疆大叶、Super 7和L 173(P<0.05);Derby的粗纤维含量显著高于Super 7(P<0.01)、L 173(P<0.05)和新疆大叶(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维含量显著高于Super 7(P<0.05);而Super 7的酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于其他4个品种(P<0.05);Super 7的钙含量高于其他4个品种(P<0.05);品种间磷含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

柿果成熟过程中可溶性果胶和单宁含量的变化

为了解从柿中提取果胶和单宁的最适宜时期,本试验以磨盘柿和平核无为材料,采用咔唑比色法和folin-ciocaileu法,分析了不同取样时期2个柿品种果皮和果肉可溶性果胶和单宁含量变化。随着果实的成熟,柿果中可溶性果胶的含量呈现相似的变化规律:都是逐渐升高,且果肉高于果皮,平核无高于磨盘柿。各个取样时期,2个品种的柿中可溶性单宁也呈现相似的变化规律:逐渐下降,且果肉高于果皮,平核无高于磨盘柿。同时分析了不同时期榨汁的果汁随存放时间的延长,可溶性果胶和单宁变化。随着榨汁时间的不同,可溶性果胶的含量分别在果汁存放0、10和30d达到最大值,可溶性单宁的含量在果汁存放的20到30d含量最大;且平核无果汁可溶性单宁和果胶的含量高于磨盘柿。平核无比磨盘柿,果肉比果皮是更适宜作为提取可溶性果胶和单宁的材料。     

Bacteria inhabiting artificially inoculated xylem of Picea abies

Bacteria inhabiting the xylem of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karsten) were investigated. The trees had been wounded and artificially inoculated with fungi and bacteria obtained from wounds of naturally infected spruce. One and five growing seasons after inoculation the Gram‐negative bacterial population present in the stem of inoculated trees were analysed.

The Gram‐negative bacteria isolated from the trees were identified on the basis of morphological, biochemical and physiological tests and whole‐cell fatty acid composition. The predominant strains were Enterobacteriaceae fermenter strains (E. agglomerans or E. sakazakii), fluorescent and yellow pigmented Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Moraxella spp. All Gram‐positive bacteria were Bacillus species.

The Gram‐negative bacteria of Norway spruce differed from the Gram‐positive species in possessing stronger lipolytic activity and in their ability to utilize pine resins for growth. Gram‐positive bacteria were generally able to utilise cellulose and hemicellulose, whereas among the Gram‐negative bacteria only one xylanolytic (yellow Pseudomonas) strain was found.     

南瓜皮果胶提取工艺初探

以南瓜皮为原料,采用酒精沉淀法提取果胶,实验结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:料水比1:35(W/V),浸提液pH 值2,浸提温度90℃,浸提时间90min,用95%乙醇沉淀时,果胶提取率约为12.5%.     

剑麻渣果胶提取与测定

从剑麻的麻渣、纤维中提取果胶，测定果胶的含量、纯度和酯化度。将湿麻渣在密封与敞开空气中自然发酵后提取果胶，探讨湿麻渣在发酵后对果胶品质的影响。结果表明，果胶得率最高的是湿麻渣（13．342％），最低的是直纤维（0．450％），干麻渣的果胶得率（1．662％）略高于湿纤维（1．326％）与乱纤维（1．264％）的；果胶纯度最高的是直纤维（73．360％），最低的是干麻渣（32．567％）。直纤维果胶的酯化度（45．452％）略大于麻渣和乱纤维的（32％～35％）；湿麻渣经过自然发酵后，果胶得率与纯度均降低，但湿麻渣完全发酵后的果胶酯化度（33．432％）接近于干麻渣的（33．156％）。     

Microbial protein formation of different carbohydrates in vitro

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial protein yield of different pure carbohydrates to contribute to a more precise prediction of the microbial protein formed in the rumen. In a first experiment, sucrose, wheat starch, microcrystalline cellulose and citrus pectin were incubated for 8 and 24 hr in the modified Hohenheim gas test (HGT) system (3 runs × 2 syringes) including gas production, ammonia and short‐chain fatty acid concentration measurements. Ammonia values were used for estimation of the microbial protein formation. In a second experiment, the same substrates were incubated for 96 hr in the HGT system (2 runs × 3 syringes) and gas production was measured after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hr of incubation to obtain the fermentation kinetics and the time of half‐maximal gas production (t_1/2) of the substrates. The substrates differed considerably in their fermentation kinetics, and therefore, comparison on the basis of t_1/2 was chosen as the most meaningful. At t_1/2, microbial protein yield [g/kg dry matter] was higher for cellulose than for sucrose and pectin and higher for starch than for sucrose. The microbial protein expressed in g/L gas production was higher for starch and cellulose than for sucrose and pectin at t_1/2. Effects of carbohydrates related to ruminal pH may remain undetected in in vitro trials.     

制备西瓜皮果胶工艺条件的研究

本文研究了以西瓜皮为原料,采用稀Ｈ２ＳＯ３（其中含有少量Ｈ３ＰＯ４）溶液萃取,乙醇沉淀的方法制备西瓜皮果胶的工艺条件。探讨了萃取温度、萃取时间、萃取液ｐＨ值对果胶产率、凝胶强度的影响,获得最佳提取条件是：将一定量西瓜皮,置于ｐＨ２．８的Ｈ２ＳＯ３溶液（其中含少量Ｈ３ＰＯ４）中,加热至９５℃并恒温１２０ｍｉｎ萃取液过滤浓缩后,加入浓缩液体积１倍的９５％乙醇以沉淀果酸。以此法制得的果胶得率为２．１％,制得的果胶半乳糖醛酸的含量大于６０％,酯化度（ＤＥ值）大于６０％,胶凝度为１６５级。产品质量符合食品化学法规标准（ＦＣＣ）。     

果胶对脂类和类胡萝卜素消化利用影响研究进展

果胶已经被证实可以影响脂类的消化,脂溶性的类胡萝卜素在消化阶段需要被脂滴包裹才能进入小肠形成胶束,因此果胶对类胡萝卜素的消化利用也会存在潜在影响。该文综述了近年来果胶对脂类和类胡萝卜素消化利用影响研究进展,主要分为果胶对消化液黏度的影响、对消化酶的影响、与钙离子的相互作用、与胆盐的结合作用以及对脂滴的包裹作用这5个方面。该文为后续分析如何提高果蔬中类胡萝卜素生物利用度提供理论依据。