Non-timber forest products and household incomes in Bonga forest area,southwestern Ethiopia

We identified the major non-timber forest products （NTFPs）, their contributions to household incomes, and the determinants influenc-ing engagement of households in using NTFPs in the Bonga forest area of Gimbo and Decha Districts of Kaffa Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Six Kebeles （the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia） were sampled from two Districts and 150 households were randomly sampled using propor-tional-to-size techniques based on the number of farm households in each Kebele. Secondary data were collected from and focus group discussions were conducted with selected individuals. The farmers diversified liveli-hood activities such as crop and livestock production, collection of NTFPs and off-farm activities. NTFPs played a significant role in household incomes. The contribution from the major NTFPs （forest coffee, honey and spices） accounted for 47% of annual household in-come. The role of NTFPs was influenced by a number of factors. Vari-ables including being native to the area （＋）, total land holding （＋）, pos-session of livestock （＋） and access to extension （＋） significantly affected forest coffee production. Age of household head （-）, land holding （＋） and distance of the market from the residence （-） significantly affected honey production. Size of landholding （＋）, distance to market （-） and distance of the forest from the residence （-） were significant variables determining the NTFP incomes derived by the households. Attention is needed in the design of policies and strategies for the well-being of households to the contribution of NTFPs to local incomes and the variables that affect the collection of NTFPs must be considered.     

云南省6县退耕还林农户收益分析及增收对策的案例研究

采取抽样调查的方式,对云南省6个地(市)退耕农户进行调研,对农户的林业收入状况、在退耕地所经营的林业项目以及退耕面积与收益等3方面进行深入剖析,认为农户的林业收入有高型、中高型、中等型、偏低型以及低下型5种类型.对退耕还林发展林业过程中面临的主要问题和促进当地林业发展、增加农户收入的对策进行了探讨.     

Productivity and profitability of multistrata organic versus conventional coffee farms in Costa Rica

In areas where traditional multistrata coffee systems have been transformed to systems with patchy or no shade at all, often dependent on high chemical inputs, ecological and socioeconomic degradation has become an increasing issue. During the 1990s, rising environmental and health concerns have promoted the interest in organic production systems and their environmental services for natural resource conservation. This study compared productivity, profitability, producer-defined constraints, and goals and research priorities between ten individually paired organic and conventional coffee farms in Costa Rica. Although five of the organic farms matched or exceeded the production of their conventional counterparts, the three-year mean yield of the organic farms as a group was 22% lower than that of the conventional farms. However, excluding organic certification costs, mean variable costs and net income (NI) were similar for both groups, mainly because organic price premiums received by the farmers compensated for lower yields. If current organic certification costs are included, the price premiums paid to organic producers would have to increase to 38% in order to equal the NI from conventional coffee. Conventional farmers indentified low and unstable prices as the main constraints to sustained production and stated further intensification of production as their main goal. In contrast, the key issues for future development of the organic group centered on farm diversification, agroecological self-sufficiency, and agronomic practices that permit organic farm management. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Technical efficiency in the spice based agroforestry sector in Matale district, Sri Lanka

Spices constitute an important sub-sector of the economy of Sri Lanka. Most perennial spices are cultivated in agroforestry types of farming systems. A field survey was conducted covering 127 agroforestry farmers in six divisional secretariats in Matale district during the period of October to December 2002. Technical efficiency of spice based agroforestry systems was estimated in order to identify the potential increase in production without incurring additional costs for farm inputs. The factors affecting technical efficiency and constraints and potential of the agroforestry system were also investigated. According to a stochastic frontier production function using a Cobb–Douglas model, hired labour, organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, land size, and soil conservation measures showed significant positive effects on the agroforestry production. The mean technical efficiency of the spice based agroforestry systems was 84.32%. According to the inefficiency model the efficiency increased significantly as a result of farm visits by extension officers, participation in farmer training, less sloping lands, more experience, and higher diversity of the agroforestry system. Technical efficiency decreased, however, with higher education level of the farmer and with higher off-farm income. Unsustainability of the agroforestry system is seen as a result of a␣range of constraints related to productivity, market, technology and institutions.     

Plant species diversity of homegardens of Cuba and its significance for household food supply

The cultivation of different plants in homegardens for self-sufficiency has a long tradition in Cuba, but knowledge about homegardens in Cuba is small. To analyse this more deeply, cultivated plants of 31 homegardens were surveyed in three villages in eastern Cuba in 2001. Two of the study villages were located in a humid area with an annual precipitation of about 2200 mm. The third village was situated in a semiarid area with about 450 mm precipitation. The plants studied in the homegardens included those for human consumption such as fruits, vegetables, tubers and cereals as well as spices and medicinal plants. In total, 101 different plant species were found with an average number of 18 to 24 species per homegarden for the three villages. A broad range of species was found in all villages, because irrigation is used under semiarid conditions, which lead to a relative high similarity in species composition between the villages. But, also differences due to the climatic situation became evident, particularly with the medicinal plants. In general, homegarden production provided a broad and diverse basis for self-sufficiency of the households. Although homegarden production showed to be only a small source of income, it is particularly important because of low-paid outside work and minimal food provision of the state.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

商品林企业有关会计问题研究

本文结合林木资源生产及资金运作特点 ,探讨了在商品林生产采取企业式经营、核算的前提下 ,商品林企业林木资源资产、收入、成本、费用的确认及计量问题。     

农村饮水供给效果及影响因素:收入异质性视角的解析

目前,农村饮水安全问题是农民最关心、最迫切需要解决的问题。基于公共物品理论,利用川、豫、晋、陕、黔、宁6省农户的微观数据,采用多元有序Logistic模型,分析农村饮水供给的影响因子,探讨农村饮水供给的有效性。结果表明,从整体情况看,农户对农村饮水供给效果的评价较为理想,农户评价结果为"较好"和"很好"的概率分别为72.21%和3.29%,农户对农村饮水供给效果的评价与农户收入之间呈现"U"型态势。其主要影响因素有政策支持、农户对乡镇政府的评价、农户参与满意度、水质、能否满足生活需要、变化情况、比较优势。从收入分组情况来看,不同收入组呈现出不同的特征,并且不同的因素对不同收入组所产生的影响和作用程度不同,其共同关键的影响因素有农户对乡镇政府的评价、水质、能否满足生活需要、变化情况、比较优势。因此,提出了应多方筹集资金,拓宽投融资渠道,提升农村饮水供给水平;加强农村饮水水源环境监管及其综合整治;鼓励和诱导农户积极参与农村饮水的供给和管理;充分发挥基层政府的导向作用等政策建议。     

基于灰色关联理论的海南省农民人均纯收入分析

运用灰色系统理论的关联分析方法．对海南省农民人均纯收入与影响农民人均纯收入的主要因素进行了实证研究。研究结果表明．各因素对农民人均纯收入影响的关联序为：农业贷款、乡镇企业贷款（0．8382）〉农业机械总动力（0．8353）〉农业生产资料价格总指数（0．7964）〉农村家庭从业人员（0．7303）〉粮食单位面积产量（0．7011）〉农业人口数（0．6843）〉农业生产总值（0．6789）〉耕地总面积（0．6708）〉粮食占农作物总播种面积比重（0．6444）。在此基础上．根据关联度的分析,对如何发挥主导因素的作州,提高海南省农民人均纯收入提出了政策建议。     

家庭收入对农民从事农业生产积极性影响的实证研究

采用实证分析探讨了家庭收对农民从事农业生产积极性的影响,结果表明:家庭收入与农民从事农业生产的积极性存在正相关性,收入对于农民从事农业积极性的影响非常大,要真正调动农民从事农业的积极性,必须增加农民收入;提出要加大直补惠农政策的实施和监督力度等措施,调动农民从事农业生产的积极性,以提高我国粮食产量、提高粮食自给率,维护国家粮食安全。     

借贷牧户偿债能力分析

【目的】国家对牧区金融发展的支持,以及牧户对资金周转的需求使得牧区贷款较为普遍。贷款 意味着牧户需要有还本付息的能力,因此,评价牧户的偿债能力,能为国家改善牧区发展提供一定的依据。【方法】 运用文献综述法和描述性统计法对当前牧户借贷情况以及锡林郭勒盟整体的生产生活情况进行理论和现状分析。 基于实地调研数据,通过演绎推理牧户的现金流和收益函数来评价牧户的偿债能力。【结果】牧区的还本能力 较低,其付息能力相对较高。现金流入与流出的不对等,降低了牧户的偿债能力。2015—2017 年实际牲畜出栏 数量均小于收支均衡时的出栏量,牧户产生的利润为零,牧户处于亏损状态,牧户的偿债能力比较弱。【结论】 对养畜规模或出栏规模较大的牧户可以适度增加借贷额度,反之,应减少借贷额度;金融机构放贷期限应该灵 活变动;建议政府对牧户有外部的资金支持,适时补贴,缓解牧户的借贷压力,增强其偿债能力。