Effect of water temperature and chlorophyll abundance on shell growth of the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, in suspended culture at different depths and sites

To understand the relationships between shell growth and some environmental factors, we examined the relationships between water temperature or chlorophyll abundance and the shell growth of the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, suspended at three different depths at two sites. Growth in height, length and thickness of the shells were limited by water temperature during winter (< 20 °C), whereas growth in thickness correlated with food abundance, measured as chlorophyll, during early summer (> 20 °C). These results suggest that the shell of P. fucata martensii could grow well at locations with greater abundance of food and adequate water temperatures (20–26 °C), resulting in a longer growing season.     

三角帆蚌新发现的贝壳基质蛋白基因hic9的分离、鉴定及其在珍珠早期形成过程中的作用

为进一步研究珍珠质形成的分子机理,使用RACE-PCR技术从三角帆蚌外套膜中克隆到一个新的贝壳基质蛋白基因hic9。RT-PCR和原位杂交技术结果显示,hic9主要在闭壳肌和外套膜中表达,且在外套膜外褶的外表皮各部分都有信号,在壳皮沟中同样有信号,这些结果表明,hic9是一个同时参与了贝壳角质层、棱柱层和珍珠层形成的多功能基质蛋白基因。hic9富含甘氨酸(14.81%)、脯氨酸(13.58%)和丙氨酸(12.35%),在序列中部形成"Gly-X-X"的结构(X为任意氨基酸),与近C末端连续重复丙氨酸结构(polyA)一起使hic9具有类似蛛丝蛋白的结构特征。hic9 C末端由一段疏水性序列"LAWMLFV"组成,推测这段序列形成β折叠结构,紧邻该序列89～91位是"Asp-Leu-Asp"序列,这是一个典型的Ca2+结合位点。此外,通过实时定量PCR检测了珍珠形成早期阶段hic9在初生珍珠囊中的表达情况,插片后3～15 d hic9在珍珠囊中的表达水平维持在大致相同的表达水平,在碳酸钙沉积物从无序向有序转变时期(18～25 d),表达水平较第15天有显著的升高,这表明hic9参与了这一过程,在珍珠层的形成过程中发挥了关键作用。     

Purification and Characterization of an Antioxidant Protein from Pearl Oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii)

Protein from pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata martensii) was purified and characterized. Results showed that the pearl muscle protein (PMP) was composed of a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximate 11.6 kDa and contained 95.1% of the protein and 4.92% of the carbohydrate of the oyster. The polypeptide appears to be a glycoprotein, since the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the PMP shows the typical characteristics of protein and polysaccharides. The denaturation temperature of the PMP was 81.3°C by differential scanning calorimetry. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that the PMP has a highly ordered structure. The PMP (200 μg/mL) showed a high oxygen radical absorbance activity (ORAC) of 6.57 μmol Trolox/μmol protein. Its antioxidant activity was stable at temperatures from 30–80°C and pH 2–10. The antioxidant activity was significantly inhibited by Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, and EDTA and enhanced by Mn²⁺. The results suggest that the PMP could be used as a potential natural antioxidant.     

育珠对合浦珠母贝N19和Prismalin-14基因表达水平的影响

为探讨育珠对壳基质蛋白基因表达的影响,开展了合浦珠母贝（Pinctada fucata）N19和Prismalin-14基因在育珠贝和非育珠贝中的荧光定量表达研究。结果显示,N19和Prismalin-14在育珠贝与非育珠贝的闭壳肌、肝胰脏、性腺、肠、鳃等组织中均无表达,在外套膜均有表达;N19在珍珠囊表达,而Prismalin-14则不表达。N19勺Prismalin．14在育珠贝外套膜的表达量均大于非育珠贝,表明育珠可能对某些壳基质蛋白的表达具有一定的促进作用。其中Prismalin-14在育珠贝外套膜的表达量最高（P〈0．01）,是非育珠贝外套膜Prismalin-14的1．23倍,是育珠贝外套膜N19的25．04倍,是非育珠贝外套膜N19的41．04倍,推测在珍珠贝生长过程中,对Prismalil7-14的需求量可能比N19大。N19在育珠贝珍珠囊中表达量最高（P〈0．01）,是育珠贝N19外套膜的11．58倍,是非育珠贝外套膜的18．97倍,推测在珍珠形成的过程中,对N19的需求量可能比贝壳自身生长对N19的需求量大。     

The status of the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera Linn. in Scotland

1. One hundred and sixty rivers in Scotland with historical records of freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera were surveyed between 1996 and 1999 for the presence of the species. 2. M. margaritifera populations were classed as either ‘extinct’ (no mussels remaining), ‘not currently viable’ (ranging from only dead shells present to no juveniles present, regardless of the number of adults found), or ‘functional’ (at least one juvenile was found, regardless of the overall numbers of adults present). 3. M. margaritifera populations could be classed as ‘functional’ in only 52 rivers (34% of total surveyed) and in only 17 of these were juveniles below 20 mm (5 yrs old) present. Furthermore, in only 10 of these functional rivers were mussels also still considered either to be common or abundant and these included both large easterly‐flowing rivers and small western rivers and streams. 4. In approximately two‐thirds (101) of the 155 rivers occupied 100 years ago, M. margaritifera is now extinct or is about to become extinct. Furthermore, analysis indicates that the rate of mussel population extinction has accelerated since 1970, with a recent average of two mussel river extinctions per year. 5. The predominant threat to the mussel populations has undoubtedly been pearl fishing. This has been occurring at every river, even in the most remote northwest areas, where most of the ‘functional’ populations remain. Recent legislation has provided full protection to M. margaritifera, so that all pearl harvesting is now illegal. 6. Locally, river engineering and host salmonid stock decline poses a serious threat and eutrophication has already eliminated populations in southern and eastern Scotland. 7. In every part of its global range, M. margaritifera has declined substantially and is now either threatened with extinction or is highly vulnerable. Based on recent estimates from across the species range, it appears that Scotland now probably holds at least half of the world's remaining functional M. margaritifera populations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

白肋烟转基因育种研究

利用农杆菌介导法将具有广谱抗病的葡萄糖氧化酶(Glucose Oxidase,GO)基因及抗虫半夏凝集素(Pinella Ternata Agglutinin,PTA)基因转化到烟草中,并研究了影响转化和抗性植株再生的一些因素。结果表明,基因型是影响转化和抗性植株再生的关键因素,试验所用的3个品种KY14、KY8959、TN90中,KY14转化效率最高。用于烟草转化的侵染时间以15min为宜,共培养时间以2d最佳。PCR分子检测表明,外源GO基因及PTA基因已转入到烟草KY14中。淀粉-碘化钾显色反应检测到了转基因植株产生的过氧化氢,证实GO基因已经在烟草中发挥功能。     

山西省北杜坞村半夏与冬小麦间套作栽培技术研究

本试验根据山西省北杜坞村的气候条件以及半夏和冬小麦的生物学特性,进行了半夏与冬小麦间套作栽培试验,结果表明半夏的适宜播种期为3月15日~3月25日,新种半夏地的适宜播种量为130kg/667m2,重茬半夏地其播种量应比上一年的减少30%,适宜播种深度为5cm~7cm,此外,采用农家肥料、小麦秸秆双覆盖和小麦收割时留高茬,外加小水勤灌,每次灌溉量17.5m3/667m2等措施均有利于提高半夏的产量。     

中国淡水珍珠种业现状与发展趋势

我国是世界上第一淡水珍珠生产国,其产业和种业发展分为4个时期,本文综述了不同时期产业和种业发展特点。第一发展时期,产业规模迅速发展,天然水域苗种供不应求,淡水珍珠蚌种质资源破坏严重;第二发展时期,突破淡水珍珠蚌人工繁殖技术,确定三角帆蚌与褶纹冠蚌为我国最佳淡水育珠蚌,淡水珍珠产量跃居世界第一;第三发展时期,民营珍珠企业发展迅速,促进淡水珍珠养殖和苗种生产商业化,淡水珍珠产量达到历史最高水平;2008年至今,进入提高珍珠产量向提高珍珠质量转型期。目前,淡水珍珠蚌苗种生产规模化水平不断提高,但农户自繁自养模式仍占较高比重,苗种生产工业化程度较低。在种质创新与利用方面,种质资源评价、杂交育种和选择育种等工作逐步开展,但现代育种技术应用率低、科技成果转化率低的问题突出。最后,根据现代水产种业发展要求,展望了我国淡水珍珠种业现代化、商品化和多元化发展趋势,并提出一些建议,以期推动淡水珍珠种业乃至产业发展。     

洞庭湖区淡水珍珠养殖环境经济学研究

以科技部农业专项示范常德基地所采用的＂零排放无污染珍珠养殖技术＂和常规养殖方式的对比试验结果为依据,从环境经济学的角度对洞庭湖区淡水珍珠养殖进行了研究。结果表明,2009年洞庭湖区珍珠养殖面积2.9万hm2,年产珠660t计,若采用示范养殖技术,则可净增加直接经济效益4.52亿元,环境经济效益3.05亿或4.80亿元,即每生产1kg珍珠节能减排增效达625或890元,效益十分显著。