36份不同居群半夏同工酶研究*

 采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶不连续垂直板电泳系统,测定了36份不同居群半夏的过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)及苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)同工酶酶谱。结果表明：所有供试材料在3个同工酶系统中均有半夏物种的共同特征谱带,同时又蕴涵着丰富的多态性。POD酶、EST酶酶谱存在明显差异,酶带数分别为20和24条。采用 DPS数据分析软件对这两类酶带谱进行聚类分析,该结果能够对供试材料的细胞学研究给予合理解释。     

白肋烟转基因育种研究

利用农杆菌介导法将具有广谱抗病的葡萄糖氧化酶(Glucose Oxidase,GO)基因及抗虫半夏凝集素(Pinella Ternata Agglutinin,PTA)基因转化到烟草中,并研究了影响转化和抗性植株再生的一些因素。结果表明,基因型是影响转化和抗性植株再生的关键因素,试验所用的3个品种KY14、KY8959、TN90中,KY14转化效率最高。用于烟草转化的侵染时间以15min为宜,共培养时间以2d最佳。PCR分子检测表明,外源GO基因及PTA基因已转入到烟草KY14中。淀粉-碘化钾显色反应检测到了转基因植株产生的过氧化氢,证实GO基因已经在烟草中发挥功能。     

半夏高效栽培中沼渣·N·P·K平衡施用数学模型研究

[目的]研究半夏高产高效栽培施肥模型,为科学利用沼渣、沼液,保护环境提供理论依据。[方法]采用二次回归旋转组合设计,研究了在中等肥力土地上,施用沼渣、N、P、K对半夏产量和经济效益的影响,建立相应的回归方程,提出了2套半夏高产高效栽培施肥模型。[结果]2套半夏高产高效栽培施肥模型为:产投比高于3.8,纯收入高于18万元/hm2时,施用沼渣肥23 955.50～40 917.62 kg/hm2,尿素153.66～312.39 kg/hm2,普钙2 757.24～3 812.85 kg/hm2,硫酸钾162.00～664.80 kg/hm2;产投比高于4.0,纯收入高于18万元/hm2时,施用沼渣肥21 275.16～43 917.99 kg/hm2,尿素260.91～334.23 kg/hm2,普钙2 514.15～3 822.84 kg/hm2,硫酸钾111.60～742.80 kg/hm2。[结论]通过该试验建立的成本、产投比、纯收入与沼渣、N、P、K施用量间关系的数学模型,完全符合半夏的生长发育规律,可以用于生产实践。     

烟草-半夏套种栽培技术与经济效益分析

为增加武陵山区烟农收入,探讨以烟为主,适宜武陵山区旱地烟区的套作方式,通过田间小区试验,总结出一套烟草与半夏套种栽培技术模式。调查半夏与烟草的套作模式对增收效益和烟草生长的影响。结果表明：半夏与烟草套种,平均纯收入为116900元/ hm_²,与两种单独常规种植方法相比分别提高了323%和24%。套种模式与烟草单独连续种植相比,烟草青枯病发病率平均降低72.38%,烟草黑胫病发病率平均降低87.01%,烟草立枯病发病率平均降低73.96%。该模式的推广和应用,提高土地复种指数,降低烟草病害,减轻烟草连作障碍,促进烟农增收增效。     

超大型珍珠生长、色泽与环境因子的关系研究

对55个不同地域的珍珠养殖基地的水质、底泥、珍珠色泽调查结果进行生物学分析与统计。结果表明：浅色珠是我国淡水珍珠的主流;三角帆蚌（Hyriopsis cumingii）分泌浅色珠珠质的能力较强,平均月产珠量达0．70g／只;水体中元素的含量与底泥中的元素的含量基本呈正相关;珍珠的呈色与水体中不同元素的含量直接相关。     

育珠对合浦珠母贝N19和Prismalin-14基因表达水平的影响

为探讨育珠对壳基质蛋白基因表达的影响,开展了合浦珠母贝（Pinctada fucata）N19和Prismalin-14基因在育珠贝和非育珠贝中的荧光定量表达研究。结果显示,N19和Prismalin-14在育珠贝与非育珠贝的闭壳肌、肝胰脏、性腺、肠、鳃等组织中均无表达,在外套膜均有表达;N19在珍珠囊表达,而Prismalin-14则不表达。N19勺Prismalin．14在育珠贝外套膜的表达量均大于非育珠贝,表明育珠可能对某些壳基质蛋白的表达具有一定的促进作用。其中Prismalin-14在育珠贝外套膜的表达量最高（P〈0．01）,是非育珠贝外套膜Prismalin-14的1．23倍,是育珠贝外套膜N19的25．04倍,是非育珠贝外套膜N19的41．04倍,推测在珍珠贝生长过程中,对Prismalil7-14的需求量可能比N19大。N19在育珠贝珍珠囊中表达量最高（P〈0．01）,是育珠贝N19外套膜的11．58倍,是非育珠贝外套膜的18．97倍,推测在珍珠形成的过程中,对N19的需求量可能比贝壳自身生长对N19的需求量大。     

中国淡水珍珠种业现状与发展趋势

我国是世界上第一淡水珍珠生产国,其产业和种业发展分为4个时期,本文综述了不同时期产业和种业发展特点。第一发展时期,产业规模迅速发展,天然水域苗种供不应求,淡水珍珠蚌种质资源破坏严重;第二发展时期,突破淡水珍珠蚌人工繁殖技术,确定三角帆蚌与褶纹冠蚌为我国最佳淡水育珠蚌,淡水珍珠产量跃居世界第一;第三发展时期,民营珍珠企业发展迅速,促进淡水珍珠养殖和苗种生产商业化,淡水珍珠产量达到历史最高水平;2008年至今,进入提高珍珠产量向提高珍珠质量转型期。目前,淡水珍珠蚌苗种生产规模化水平不断提高,但农户自繁自养模式仍占较高比重,苗种生产工业化程度较低。在种质创新与利用方面,种质资源评价、杂交育种和选择育种等工作逐步开展,但现代育种技术应用率低、科技成果转化率低的问题突出。最后,根据现代水产种业发展要求,展望了我国淡水珍珠种业现代化、商品化和多元化发展趋势,并提出一些建议,以期推动淡水珍珠种业乃至产业发展。     

珠江三角洲地区生鲜农产品冷链网络化运输技术

文章主要是对我国的珠江三角洲地区的生鲜农产品冷链的物流方式进行探究,结合现在我国的生鲜农产品冷链运输技术的现状和发展前景进行大胆的预测,并提出我国的珠江三角洲地区的生鲜农产品冷链的运输技术的网络化的建议。     

Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation and Transamination in Relation to Hybrid Vigour in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke)

Changes in the activities of enzymes of ammonia assimilation viz., glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT), together with the activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were analysed in the topmost fully expanded leaf of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L. Leeke) hybrid BJ-104 , and its parents, J-104 and 5141-A , during the entire period of growth in field. Ammonia assimilation enzymes showed strong ontogenic trends and the hybrid attained activities either equal to the better (male) parent or showed better parental heterosis. In contrast to this both GOT and GPT activities were slightly higher than the poor (female) parent. The role of these enzymes in relation to chlorophyll synthesis and transport of metabolites from cellular compartments of C₄ plants, are discussed. Surveying the literature on attempts to propose biochemical criteria for hybrid vigour, it is proposed that there cannot be a universal criterion, rather rate limiting steps in different cultivars should be searched.     

Note: Proline — An inducer of resistance against pearl millet downy mildew disease caused by<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerospora graminicola</Emphasis>

In an attempt to find a suitable alternative to the otherwise perilous chemical control strategy of disease management, the amino acid proline was evaluated for its efficiency to elicit resistance in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) against downy mildew disease caused bySclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet both under greenhouse and field conditions. Proline treatment to seeds at 50 mM concentration for 3 h, significantly enhanced the seed germination and seedling vigor of pearl millet in comparison with the control. The same concentration and duration of seed treatment protected the pearl millet plants from downy mildew by offering 58% protection under greenhouse and 67% protection under field conditions. Studies revealed that 3 days were required for proline-treated plants to develop resistance, which was systemic and was sustained throughout the life of the plants. Apart from disease protection, proline was also found effective in enhancing vegetative and reproductive growth of the plants, as evidenced by the increase in height, fresh weight, leaf area, tillering capacity, 1000-seed weight and grain yield in comparison with the control plants. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Oct. 3, 2004.