鸡传染性支气管炎病毒致病机理的研究进展

鸡传染性支气管是由鸡传染性支气管炎病毒引起鸡的一种急性高度接触性呼吸道传染病,由于病毒血清型较多,易于发生变异而难以免疫预防,成为养鸡业发展的重大阻力。文章就该病毒的致病机理方面的研究情况做一综述,为防制鸡传染性支气管炎提供科学依据。     

革兰氏阴性病原菌外膜囊泡的生物学作用与机制研究进展

外膜囊泡（Outer membrane vesicles,OMV）是兰氏阴性菌分泌的纳米样颗粒。OMV 呈球状双层膜结构,直径为 20~250 nm 大小。其主要由细菌的外膜成分构成,其中病原菌分泌的 OMV 包括与致病相关的多种成分,如非蛋白抗原脂多糖、脂质、蛋白质粘附素、侵袭素、毒素等致病因子。病原菌 OMV 还含有细菌的DNA、RNA、sRNA 和质粒等核酸,是革兰氏阴性菌的一种新型分泌系统,与致病性、耐药基因的存储和传播、细菌间及细菌 - 宿主间通信串扰等一系列功能紧密相关。病原菌 OMV 的分泌与应激反应有关。OMV 作为毒力因子、耐药基因或质粒、抗原分子等生物活性物质的载体递送至宿主细胞,直接导致疫病的发生或加剧病情。在作用机制方面,OMV 通过动力依赖性内吞将毒素转运至宿主细胞、介导耐药基因水平转移、通过增加分泌量减少噬菌体入侵病原菌,或保护来源菌、周围细菌免受膜活性物质侵害、影响,以及诱导细菌感染部位甚至远部组织免疫相关细胞的免疫反应、激活炎症反应通路、介导宿主细胞死亡及代谢重构等。鉴于 OMV 在细菌致病、耐药性产生、宿主生理屏障（肠黏膜屏障、肠血管屏障、血脑屏障）破坏及生态位失衡、免疫功能异常等方面发挥的多种生物学功能,深入了解其相关生物学作用和潜在的分子机制,对探索人和动物细菌病的致病机制、耐药机理、开展药物靶向递送系统研发及新型疫苗创制等防控新策略具有重要意义。重点对 OMV 在革兰氏阴性病原菌致病过程中的作用及分子机制相关研究进展进行综述,并对其应用进行展望。     

青枯病菌研究进展

细菌性青枯病是由茄科雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的一种世界范围的细菌性土传病害,广泛分布于热带、亚热带及部分温带地区。青枯病菌寄主广泛,可侵染50多个科的200余种植物,给作物生产带来巨大损失。充分了解青枯病菌是进行青枯病防治的重要前提。本文从青枯病菌的菌群分类、基因组结构、致病机制与致病途径、病菌检测等方面做了系统的阐述,并对基于青枯病菌及寄主植物基因组序列信息,研究和探讨青枯病菌致病机制与青枯病防治进行了展望。     

水稻稻曲病的发生与防治

从水稻稻曲病的症状识别入手,分析了稻曲病的病症、发病规律与发病因素,提出了稻曲病的综合防治措施,供参考。     

核桃褐斑病病原菌的分离鉴定和发病规律的调查

[目的]为了明确四川核桃褐斑病的病原菌及其发病规律。[方法]采用组织分离法,对四川中江核桃果园自然发病的核桃病原菌进行分离,并回接检测分离物的致病性;结合孢子形态学、ITS序列和gdp序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定;同时对核桃褐斑病的发病规律进行了调查。[结果]分离得到6种真菌,回接只有菌株ZJ5能使核桃发病;孢子形态和多序列比较分析将菌株ZJ5鉴定为链格孢菌;调查明确了核桃褐斑病的发病规律。[结论]本文首次报道了四川核桃褐斑病病原菌为链格孢菌,并揭示了该病原菌的发病规律。     

Lead toxicosis in the horse: A review

Lead intoxication is rarely diagnosed in horses and can present a major challenge to the equine practitioner because of the variety of clinical signs. Horses with lead poisoning can develop gastrointestinal disturbances, neurological abnormalities, haematological changes, or nonspecific signs of weight loss, weakness and rough hair coat, which makes early diagnosis difficult. Fortunately, lead analysis of whole blood is routinely available and can confirm intoxication. Because of the well‐described lead‐induced peripheral neuropathies in horses, a thorough neurological examination is essential in the investigation of a suspect case. Once diagnosed, the source of lead has to be identified and further exposure prevented. Intoxication can be treated by administering chelating drugs and providing symptomatic and supportive care.     

Increased activities of ribonuclease and protease after challenge in tobacco plants with induced systemic resistance

Inoculation of 3-4 lower leaves of tobacco with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) increased ribonuclease (RNase) and protease activities in inoculated leaves. Little or no increase in the activities were apparent in upper noninoculated leaves prior to challenge. After challenge with TMV or Peronospora tabacina, RNase activities increased more rapidly in the upper leaves of induced plants as compared to those of noninduced plants. Protease activities in the leaves challenged with P. tabacina or TMV also increased after challenge, but little or no differences in the activities were apparent between induced and noninduced plants. The incubation of purified TMV with leaf extracts obtained from induced challenged, noninduced challenged and noninduced unchallenged plants prior to inoculation did not affect the number of local lesions formed on tobacco plants.     

Pathogenesis by fungi and by parasitic plants: Similarities and differences

The processes by which fungi and parasitic plants infect their plant host are compared. The steps considered are: location of the host by the pathogen, the concept of the haustorium, attachment of the pathogen to the host, mechanism of penetration into the host, responses of the host to infection by fungi and by parasitic plants, and the suppression of the host response by the pathogen. Although superficially similarities between fungal infection and infection by parasitic plants exist, the underlying mechanisms appear to be different and only in the penetration step are similar strategies used, including the use of lytic enzymes. These differences are important when seeking ways of combating the parasitic plants. The strategies used against the parasitic plants must be different from those used to combat fungal infections and should not be based only on analogies with host resistance to fungal pathogens. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 2, 2005.     

Caseous Lymphadenitis in Goats: The Pathogenesis,Incubation Period and Serological Response after Experimental Infection

Twenty goats, in two groups of 10, were injected intradermally with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. The doses of infection were 1×10⁵ and 5×10⁴ colony-forming units (cfu) for groups 1 and 2, respectively. Thereafter, a goat from each group was killed every 2–3 days and examined for gross and microscopic caseous lesions in the draining lymph nodes. Bands or zones of macrophages and polymorphonuclear granulocytes were observed microscopically on the second day of infection in both groups. Gross caseous lesions were observed from days 8 and 9 of infection, respectively. Positive bacterial agglutination test and haemolysis inhibition test titres were detected after 15–17 days and 20–25 days of infection, respectively. These results indicated that caseous lymphadenitis is a subacute disease with an incubation period of 8–9 days, but that it is not detectable serologically until after 15 days of infection.