Roles of reactive oxygen species in interactions between plants and pathogens

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the consumption of molecular oxygen during host–pathogen interactions is termed the oxidative burst. The most important ROS are singlet oxygen (¹O₂), the hydroxyperoxyl radical (HO₂·), the superoxide anion , hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), the hydroxyl radical (OH^-) and the closely related reactive nitrogen species, nitric oxide (NO). These ROS are highly reactive, and therefore toxic, and participate in several important processes related to defence and infection. Furthermore, ROS also play important roles in plant biology both as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism and as key regulators of growth, development and defence pathways. In this review, we will assess the different roles of ROS in host–pathogen interactions with special emphasis on fungal and Oomycete pathogens.     

Vuculic acid对空心莲子草叶片光合作用的影响

Vulculic acid(2-乙酰基-3,4-二羟基-5-甲氧苯基-乙酸)是从空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)潜在生防真菌莲子草假隔链格孢(Nimbya alternantherae)培养滤液中分离获得的致病毒素.研究表明,该毒素为非寄主专化毒素,能够引致空心莲子草叶片细胞膜透性升高,导致电解质渗漏,同时降低叶片细胞内过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,使细胞防御酶系统发生紊乱,还能够造成空心莲子草叶片细胞质壁分离、质膜消解,叶绿体片层紊乱、膜消解[1,2].     

Direct visualization of the novel pathogen,Spiroplasma eriocheiris,in the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard) using fluorescence in situ hybridization

Spiroplasma eriocheiris is the first spiroplasma strain known to be pathogenic to freshwater crustaceans. It has caused considerable economic losses both in the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard) and in some other crustaceans. The monitoring of the pathogen in crustacean populations and study of its behaviour in the laboratory require the development of reliable diagnostic tools. In this article, we improved microscopic identification of S. eriocheiris by combining in situ hybridization with specific fluorescently labelled oligonucleotide probes. The established fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allowed simultaneous visualization, identification and localization of S. eriocheiris in the tissues of diseased crayfish P. clarkii and exhibited low background autofluorescence and ideal signal‐to‐noise ratio. With the advantages of better tissue penetration, potentially more specific and stable, we designed three species‐specific oligonucleotide probes utilizing the sequences of 16S‐23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions (ISRs) of S. eriocheiris. Positive hybridization signals were visualized in haemocytes and connective tissues of hepatopancreas, cardiac muscle and gill from diseased crayfish. This unique distribution pattern matched the pathological changes when diagnosed by H&E staining and indicated that S. eriocheiris probably spread throughout the tissues in P. clarkii by hemokinesis. This assay will facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis of S. eriocheiris and enhance the early diagnosis of the novel pathogen.     

The β‐amylase genes: negative regulators of disease resistance for Verticillium dahliae

Little is known about the role of plant primary metabolism in defence against pathogens. The present study is the first investigation published that examines the role of β‐amylase (BAM) genes upon fungal, Verticillium dahliae, infection. The responses of Arabidopsis thaliana plants impaired in BAM1, BAM2, BAM3, BAM4 genes, along with double, triple and quadruple mutants of those genes, were used to explore the involvement of BAM in the host plant–V. dahliae interaction. Less severe symptoms were recorded in bam mutants compared to wild type. Real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed that the decrease in symptom severity shown in bam plants was correlated with reductions in the growth of the pathogen in the plants. Confocal microscopy of the most and least susceptible bam mutants and the wildtype plants showed that there were no differences between them in the number of attached conidia and penetration sites on the roots. BAM1, BAM2 and BAM3 expression was altered upon V. dahliae infection in the aerial tissues of the wild type. Analysis by qPCR of the PR1 and PDF1.2 expression in the bam3, bam1234, bam14 and wildtype plants showed that PR1 was up‐regulated in the roots of bam plants upon V. dahliae infection.     

中西医结合脑心同治论治大面积脑梗死合并冠心病的体会

脑卒中是我国主要致残、致死性疾病,大面积脑梗死是其中预后较差的一类,且常合并冠心病。本文从中西医结合脑心同治理论阐述大面积脑梗死合并冠心病的治疗体会,主张急性期“闭证宜开”、“脱证宜固”以治其标,后期当滋养肝肾、化痰通络以治其本,并结合西医治疗,取得良好疗效,值得借鉴。     

甘蓝型油菜抗菌核病研究进展

油菜是主要油料作物之一,由核盘菌(Sclerotiniasclerotiorum(Lib.)deBary)引起的菌核病(sclerotiniastemrot)是油菜的主要病害。针对当前与菌核病相关研究的新进展,本研究从4个方面对其进行了概括：（1）核盘菌的侵染方式以及在侵染过程中核盘菌分泌的草酸与寄主中钙离子的动态关系;（2）油菜通过合成植保素、酚类化合物、木质素、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶等来抵抗核盘菌入侵的抗病机理;（3）现有综合防治技术中抗性种质筛选、无花瓣育种和生物防治;（4）利用与草酸代谢相关基因、抗病相关基因、防御相关转录因子基因和抗菌肽基因开展的油菜基因工程研究成果。并且进一步提出了未来油菜抗菌核病研究的可能方向,这些总结与建议为今后油菜抗菌核病研究提供了有益参考。     

感染国槐带化病植株内源激素及转录组分析

[目的]为探究国槐带化病的致病机理,进而为国槐带化病的防治研究提供理论依据.?[方法]以国槐健康与感病枝条作为研究材料,对其生长期间的5、8、9及11月份中枝条生长素、玉米素、赤霉素和脱落酸含量进行连续测定,通过选取8月份国槐的病、健组织进行转录组测序筛选差异表达基因,并进行qPCR验证分析.?[结果]在5、8、9、1...     

黄曲霉毒素及其致病机理简述

针对蒙牛牛奶产品中检出黄曲霉毒素的问题,本文从黄曲霉毒素的分子结构、理化性质、污染途径和程度、致病机理和限量标准及快速检测等方面做了简述。同时对牛的黄曲霉毒素中毒提出了防治的具体措施。