粮食作物生物育种技术全球创新布局与竞争态势研究——基于核心专利数据挖掘的视角

“开展种源‘卡脖子’技术攻关,打好种业翻身仗”亟需探明当前粮食作物生物育种技术领域的专利创新布局和竞争态势。依据专利导向的产业竞争情报分析框架,以核心专利数据（不包含中国港澳台地区）为基础,从整体环境、技术布局和机构竞争3个方面剖析了粮食作物生物育种技术领域的全球创新布局及竞争态势。结果表明,领域内技术创新活跃,中国核心专利量位居前列,但与美国相比有很大差距;北美、欧洲和中国是全球主要技术布局地,尤以美国最为集中,中国发明的专利主要布局在国内,全球竞争能力不足;基因组重测序技术、分子标记辅助育种、抗性技术和杂交技术等是领域热点技术;突变或遗传工程、改良基因型的方法是领域内“主导-成熟型”技术,各主要国家和地区均进行了重点布局,我国在“新兴-成长型”技术领域具备相对优势;跨国种子公司的技术和市场竞争覆盖了全球主要国家和地区,技术布局主题广泛,因此,我国亟待培育有国际竞争力的本土创新研发机构。上述结果为政府及科研部门制定该领域技术创新引导政策,以及开展前瞻性研发布局和优化竞争决策提供参考。     

西北太平洋柔鱼渔情速报系统的开发

The neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartrami, is one of the most important jig fisheries in the northwest Pacific Ocean. In order to understand the movement of O. bartrami fishing-ground better and supply O. bartrami fishing-ground information for Chinese fishing boats in the northwest Pacific ocean, the fishing condition analysis and forecasting system of O. bartrami was developed successfully. The system was based on established comprehensive database, which included the catch data of O. bartrami (total yields, count of total fishing boats, fishing position etc. ) and oceanic environmental information (SST, SST gradient etc. ). Artificial intelligent technology about case-based reasoning was also combined with GIS component technology successfully in the system. The process and function of system establishment are composed of four parts: setting up of case database for central fishing-ground and its environmental factors, knowledge reasoning of fishery information, GIS visualization analyzing as well as trend forecasting of central fishing-ground and information production mapping. At last as an example of the results, an experimental central fishing-ground forecasting of O. bartrami from 9 to 15 in July 2002 in the northwest Pacific Ocean was given in the paper. The results showed that through three class similar searching forecasting central fishing-ground would move west, and indicating that forecasting of the system for O. bartrami central fishing-ground was correct by comparing to real fishing-ground from 16 to 22 in July 2002. Consequently, artificial intelligent expert system technology about case-based reasoning is a useful method for fishing condition and fishing-ground forecasting.     

A structured approach to using biological and environmental parameters to forecast anchovy recruitment

Simulation studies have indicated that a valuable increase in mean annual yield could be achieved in the South African anchovy, Engraulis capensis , fishery if below-average recruitment could be forecast at the start of the fishing season, 6 months before recruitment can he reliably measured. This paper reports on initial investigations into biological and environmental indicator- which could be used to make such forecasts. Valid estimates of recruitment strength in the species are available from 1985 to 1992 and the environmental and biological indicators of interest have been monitored for periods starting from between 1984 and 1988, to the present. Most of the data were obtained from monitoring on anchovy spawner biomass surveys which have been undertaken each November since 1984.
A conceptual model of the factors influencing the recruitment process was constructed and the available data were examined for empirical evidence of the importance of each event included in the model. Fluctuations in copepod biomass and production on the spawning grounds, the incidence of oocyte atresia in adult females, the incidence of southerly winds at Cape Point and the distance offshore of the 16°C isotherm at Cape Columbine were associated with fluctuations in anchovy recruitment. It is suggested that particular attention should be paid to monitoring of these variables to investigate further these associations. If persistent relationships are found, it may be possible to construct an expert system to forecast recruitment from observed values of these variables at the start of a fishing season. A preliminary set of three decision rules is presented.     

我国生物柴油领域技术专利分析

利用上海知识产权（专利信息）公共服务平台,对我国生物柴油领域专利信息进行深度挖掘,分别从专利类型、专利申请量、重点专利技术及专利申请人等方面分析了我国生物柴油领域专利保护现状、发展趋势以及竞争态势,为我国生物柴油领域的技术创新和战略发展提供参考.     

我国农业技术发明专利分析

[目的]对我国农业技术专利总体状况进行研究。[方法]对我国农业领域的发明专利年度申请量、主要国家在我国的发明专利申请情况、申请人类别分布及年度变化、专利技术领域分布及年度变化进行统计分析。[结果]我国农业领域的技术专利申请量逐年增加,最近几年增长迅速,说明农业领域的科技创新程度加强;日本、美国、德国、瑞士、荷兰在我国的专利申请量位列国外前5位,说明这5个国家比较重视我国市场;个人、科研院所和企业共同构成了农业技术的创新主体,个人专利申请数量与企业申请数量相差不大,科研机构的专利申请量稍少,企业和科研机构创新能力明显高于个人。[结论]该研究可我国政府决策和企业技术创新提供借鉴与参考。     

组合预测模型在黑龙江省农机总动力预测中的应用

农机总动力是反映和评价农业机械化水平的一个重要指标.通过对黑龙江省农机总动力历史数据进行分析,建立了指数模型、GM（1,1）模型和BP神经网络模型3种预测模型,其次,应用基于离异系数法、二次规划法、Shapley值权重分配法分别构建组合预测模型.拟合结果表明,各种组合预测模型优于各单一模型.最后应用基于Shapley值权重分配法对黑龙江省农机总动力进行组合预测,为制定农机动力发展规划提供了依据.     

水稻条纹叶枯病的气象研究

采用1995～ 2011年原阳县气象观测站地面气象观测资料和原阳县农业科学研究所提供的对应年5～6月灰飞虱虫口密度资料,对影响灰飞虱虫口密度的因子进行了筛选.结果表明,3月份平均气温、5月份平均最高气温与灰飞虱虫口密度具有很好的相关性.利用SPSS统计平台,采用逐步回归的方法筛选预报因子,建立预测模式并进行检验订正,计算拟合准确率较高,具有指导意义.     

美国专利无效判定机制对我国的启示

美国专利无效判定制度由单纯的司法判定转向司法与行政判定“双轨制”,近两年又有向行政判定扩大的趋势,USPTO复审制度的功能及其价值不容忽视,我国现行专利无效判定机制可以借鉴美国,其将改革方向定位在强化专利复审制度的同时,明确司法审查的权限及其效力,以此完善我国的专利法制度。     

沧州市土壤墒情预报方法研究

结合沧州市实际情况,以冬小麦和夏玉米为典型作物分析沧州市土壤墒情变化特点,揭示沧州区域土壤墒情变化规律和演变趋势;对捷地旱情试验站土壤墒情监测资料进行分析研究,利用P—ρ0—Δρ增墒相关法建立增墒预报方案,利用退墒系数法以及ρt—T—ρ0相关法建立退墒预报方案,探讨适合沧州区域的土壤墒情预报方法,对类似地区相关研究具有重要的推广价值。     

并联油液型混合动力挖掘机发动机转速控制方法

通过对并联式油液混合动力挖掘机的原理和结构分析,提出一种改进的油液混合动力结构方案。采用双向液压马达代替二次调节泵,通过不同开关阀组合控制辅助动力系统回路。利用Simulink对该系统建模后,获取相应元器件尺寸参数及控制参数。采用双转速工作点切换的控制策略,在改装后的油液型混合动力挖掘机上进行实验。实验中利用整合负载预测的发动机转速PID控制方法对发动机目标转速、辅助油液动力系统输出扭矩进行调节。仿真和实验分析表明,该发动机转速控制方法可以有效改善油液型混合动力系统中发动机转速波动,使之稳定在高效燃油区域内,综合节能效果提高14%。