基于航空遥感的大比例尺景观格局分析--以大麻镇为例

在利用现时高分辨率航片获取大比例尺、翔实的土地利用现状图的基础上,结合研究区的特点进行了景观分类,选择和计算了景观多样性指数和景观优势度、分离度、破碎度指数及斑块分形维数等景观格局指数,对浙江省桐乡市大麻镇进行了小尺度、大比例尺(1∶2000)景观格局分析。结果表明,景观多样性指数与最大多样性指数有很大的差异;研究区内的各景观类型所占比例差异较大,优势度数值高,耕地成为起支配作用的优势景观,如果将耕地、园地、林地和其他农用地当成一种景观类型,则研究区内整体景观生态特征明显由农业景观所支配;其他农用地景观类型的景观破碎度最高,受人为干扰和破坏最为严重,因近年来土地整理的实施,耕地景观以面积大而且形状较规则的斑块广泛分布于研究区中;居民点及独立工矿景观的斑块几何形状趋近于简单且规则,但受人为干扰程度大。     

Modulation of sodium channels by the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N-decarbomethoxylated metabolite in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

The effects of the oxadiazine insecticide indoxacarb and its N-decarbomethoxylated metabolite (DCJW) on tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) voltage-gated sodium channels in rat dorsal ganglion neurons were studied using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed the peak amplitude of action potentials, and DCJW exhibited a faster time course and higher potency than indoxacarb in the blocking effects. In voltage-clamp experiments, indoxacarb and DCJW suppressed TTX-R sodium currents in a time-dependent manner without a steady-state level of suppression. IC50 values for indoxacarb and DCJW on TTX-R sodium currents were estimated to be 10.7 and 0.8 microM after 25 min of bath application, respectively. DCJW was about 10 times more potent than indoxacarb in blocking TTX-R sodium currents. Although the suppressive effects of indoxacarb were partially reversible after washout with drug-free external solution, no recovery of sodium current was observed in DCJW treated neurons after prolonged washout. In current-voltage relationships, both indoxacarb and DCJW blocked the sodium currents to the same degree in the entire range of membrane potentials. The sodium conductance-voltage curve was not shifted along the voltage axis by indoxacarb and DCJW at 10 microM. In contrast, the steady-state inactivation curves were shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction by indoxacarb as well as by DCJW. Based on these results, it was concluded that indoxacarb and DCJW potently blocked the TTX-R sodium channel in rat DRG neurons with hyperpolarizing shifts of the steady-state inactivation curves, suggesting preferential association of the insecticides to the inactivated state of sodium channels. The small structural variation between indoxacarb and DCJW resulted in clear differences in potency for blocking sodium channels and reversibility after washout.     

Estimating dispersibility of Acer,Fraxinus and Tilia in fragmented landscapes from patterns of seedling establishment

Relative dispersibility of Tilia americana L., Acer saccharum Marsh. and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh, was inferred from the ratio among species-specific regression coefficients () computed from seedling density-distance plots. Density counts were made in spatially-uniform old fields adjacent to single seed sources or monotypic fencerows. Resultant seedling shadow curves approximate the negative exponential form expected for many seeds (log y=a–X). This basic curve shape fit species of differing dispersibility, dispersal under a range of wind directions and one-year-old or all-aged cohorts. The ratios of were 1:2.6:3.2 for Tilia, Acer and Fraxinus, respectively, in order of increasing dispersibility. Vegetation patches isolated from seed sources by several hundred meters or more should have extremely low input of seeds, especially Tilia and Acer.The finding that Fraxinus disperses farther than Acer was unexpected, since the samaras of the former have faster terminal velocities. The relationship can be explained by better performance of Fraxinus samaras in the stronger winds experienced by trees in open landscapes, poorer formation of the samara abscission layer, and release of samaras following leaf abscission and during the winter when winds are the strongest. Both the samara plan and dispersal phenology need to be considered in estimating relative dispersibility among species.     

Response of generalist and specialist insect herbivores to landscape spatial structure

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect ofchanges in landscape pattern on generalist and specialistinsects. We did this by comparing the species richness andabundance of generalist and specialist herbivorous insects inalfalfa (Medicago sativa, L.) fields on 26 agriculturallandscapes that differed in spatial structure. The insects werefrom the families Curculionidae (Coleoptera), weevils, andCicadellidae (Auchennorhyncha), leafhoppers.We hypothesized that: (1) generalist richness and abundancewould be highest in landscapes with high diversity(Shannon-Wiener); (2) specialist richness and abundance would behighest in landscapes with (i) high percent cover alfalfa and(ii) low mean inter-patch distance. We tested for these effectsafter controlling for the patch-level effects of field size,field age, frequency of disturbance and vegetation texture.The important findings of the study are: (1) generalist richness andabundance increased with increasing landscape diversity and (2)isolation (percent cover alfalfa in the landscape and/or meaninter-patch distance) does not affect specialist insects. Theseresults are significant because they indicate that bothgeneralist and specialist insects may move over much largerdistances than previously thought. This is one of the firststudies to demonstrate a large scale effect of spatial structureon insects across a broad range of landscapes.     

高寒草甸退化草地—“黑土滩”植物量测定

依据高寒草甸草地秃斑地的多少和距居民点的远近划分为轻度退化草地(极少量秃斑地)、中度退化草地(少量秃斑地)、重度退化草地(大量秃斑地)和极度退化草地(全部秃斑地)四个退化草地等级。对各等级退化草地进行了植物量测定。结果表明:草地植物量(地上和地下)及土壤含水量,随着草地退化程度的加剧明显下降(P<0.01),毒杂草量则明显上升(P<0.01)。其中极度退化草地较轻度退化草地植被中嵩草属牧草优势度减少38,可食鲜草量减少219.2g/m~2,而毒杂草则增加99.6g/m~2,植物活根量(干物质)减少2390.6g/m~2,土壤含水量(0—10cm)减少10.02％,并对高寒草甸退化草地(黑土滩)的成因及治理途径提出了看法和意见。     

Primary productivity in patches of heterogeneous swards after 12 years of low-intensity cattle grazing

In low-intensity grazing systems, patch grazing leads to a mosaic structure of short (frequently defoliated) and tall (rarely defoliated) patches, with the stocking rate determining the proportion of these patch types on the pasture. Little is known about the long-term effects of patch grazing on the productivity of contrasting sward height patches developed under varying stocking rates. On a 12-year low-intensity cattle pasture we investigated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its seasonal variation in different patch types (‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘tall’) under three stocking rates (‘moderate’, ‘lenient’ and ‘very lenient’) over two years. Additionally, we determined stocks of soil phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as soil pH. ANPP was affected by an interaction of patch type and stocking rate and ranged from less than 300 g/m² in short patches under very lenient stocking to more than 1,000 g/m² in medium patches under moderate stocking. In contrast with observations at the start of the experiment, ANPP in short patches was similar to or less than that in medium and tall patches. As topsoil phosphorus and potassium stocks were lowest in short patches, this indicates a long-term redistribution of nutrients by grazing animals, which limits short-patch productivity. Productivity of medium patches increased with stocking rate, and soil potassium concentration showed a similar trend, pointing towards enhanced nutrient cycling under more intensive stocking. We conclude that nutrient redistribution may lead to increasing trade-offs between ecological and agronomic aims in long-term low-intensity grazing systems.     

Short-term response of the herbaceous layer within leave patches after harvest

Leave patches, uncut areas in a harvested forest, may conserve herbaceous layer species that decline after forest clearcutting. They may also serve to maintain source populations for the recolonization of the harvest area. The main objective of this study is to characterize the short-term response of the herbaceous layer to clearcut harvesting disturbance within and adjacent to leave patches. Four experimental 1 ha patches and two uncut references were established. Within each patch or reference, belts of five 1 m² quadrats were placed at 50 m and 5 m outside the patch, at 0 m (edge), and at 25 m, 35 m, and 50 m (centre) inside. These belts of quadrats were replicated at all four aspects (North, South, East, and West). Ground vegetation was sampled yearly for 1 year before harvest and 3 years after harvest in the experimental patches and for 2 consecutive years in the references. Some common residual species declined significantly in the clearcuts, but remained stable inside the patches in the short term (3 years after harvest). Overall species composition changed little in the patch interior and edge after harvest. Colonizing species (those that appeared in quadrats after harvest) in the patch exterior were predominantly early-seral species, whereas colonizers in the patch interior tended to be shade-tolerant forest species. Species were grouped a priori based on two habitat preferences (amounts of canopy cover and disturbed substrate). Species characteristic of a habitat with closed canopy and undisturbed substrates that decreased significantly over time in the patch exterior were negatively correlated with the amount of exposed mineral soil and open canopy. Species characteristic of a habitat with open canopy and disturbed substrates that increased significantly at the patch exterior showed a positive correlation with the amount of exposed mineral soil and open canopy. No species’ habitat preference groups declined significantly in the patch interior or edge over time. Based on species’ responses to forest operations, it appears that at least the common forest species are maintained in the short term within leave patches.     

天津地区草坪草褐斑病菌生物学特性及生物防治

以纯化的草坪褐斑病病原RH2 Rhizoctonia solani为试验菌株,对其生长的温度、pH值、碳源等生物学特性进行研究,并针对目前化学药剂频繁使用的现状,对生产上经常使用的生防药剂进行室内筛选。生物学特性研究表明：褐斑病菌生长适宜温度约30 ℃,适宜pH值6.5～7.5,适宜碳源为蔗糖、可溶性淀粉或乳糖。室内7种生防药剂筛选表明：尼索和特立克的抑菌效果最好,盆栽防治试验结果表明,尼索1 500倍处理防效为72.51％,特立克600倍防效为76.94％。     

乡镇规划调控下的农村居民点空间布局优化

为科学确定农村居民点空间布局优化类型,有效指导农村居民点空间布局优化及新农村建设实践。该文以武川县可可以力更镇为例,在乡镇规划调控的前提下,按农村居民点不同演化方向,将位于城镇建设用地扩展边界范围内的农村居民点确定为城镇化型,位于扩展边界范围外的农村居民点确定为非城镇化型。针对城镇化型农村居民点,因其未来演化方向而将其空间布局优化类型确定为社区化管理型;针对非城镇化型农村居民点,从乡镇总规协调度、生产生活便利度、居民点活跃度3大方面构建农村居民点斑块综合影响力评价指标体系,评价其综合影响力,并据此将其空间布局优化类型划分为综合发展潜力型、原地整治保持型、迁村并点扶持型3类。结果表明,可可以力更镇确定为社区化管理型的农村居民点6个,面积15.29 hm2;综合发展潜力型46个,面积178.28 hm2;原地整治保持型53个,面积189.20 hm2;迁村并点扶持型40个,面积141.22 hm2,并针对4种农村居民点空间布局优化类型提出较为具体的优化方案。研究结果符合可可以力更镇实际情况,能为农村居民点空间布局优化与整治提供新的思路。     

青海三江源“黑土滩”形成的自然、人为因素和生物学机制

“黑土滩”的形成有其独特的气象条件、海拔范围和区域特征,其主导因素是草场超载过牧、乱采滥挖、鼠害破坏以及冻融、风蚀和水蚀等自然因素。