岷县高寒牧区多年生豆科牧草引种试验初报

2001年,从甘肃农业大学草业学院和甘肃草原总站引种了16种多年生豆科牧草,在岷县麻子川乡璇窝草原站种羊场试种,对其物候期、生物学特征、抗逆性和经济性状进行了2年(2002-2003年)的观察与研究.结果表明,除野生黄花苜蓿Medicago falcate,小冠花Coronilla varia,白三叶Trifolium repens外的其他13种牧草均可在岷县高寒牧区种植;13种牧草中,岷山红三叶Trifolium pratense,WL-232HQ苜蓿,8920MF多叶苜蓿优于其他品种.     

黄河上游高寒地区建植人工草地引种试验

对8种多年生禾本科牧草品种在黄河上游高寒草地进行人工草地引种试验.结果表明:当年均出苗且生长良好,但种子不能成熟,只能达到拔节期;第2年越冬率达90%以上,无芒雀麦Bromus inermis,垂穗披碱草Elymus mutans,多叶老芒麦E.exceisns,老芒麦E.sibiricus青干草产量均达3 000 kg/hm2以上,冷地早熟禾Poa crymphila,草地早熟禾P.pratensis青干草产量在1 500 kg/hm2左右;种子成熟好的有冷地早熟禾、多叶老芒麦、老芒麦、垂穗披碱草,说明供试的8种多年生禾本科牧草品种在青海省黄河上游海拔3 400 m左右的地区推广种植,效果良好.     

Estimating the digestibility of Sahelian roughages from faecal crude protein concentration of cattle and small ruminants

Studies on diet selection and feed intake of ruminants in extensive grazing systems often require the use of simple approaches to determine the organic matter digestibility (OMD) of the ingested feed. Therefore, we evaluated the validity of the one-factorial exponential regression established by Lukas et al. [Journal of Animal Science 83 (2005) 1332], which estimates OMD from the faecal crude protein (FCP) concentration. The equation was applied to two sets of data obtained with free grazing and pen-fed cattle, sheep and goats ingesting low and high amounts of green and dry vegetation of Sahelian pastures as well as millet leaves and cowpea hay. Data analysis showed that the livestock species did not influence the precision of estimation of OMD from FCP. For the linear regression between measured and estimated OMD (%) across n = 431 individual observations, a regression coefficient of r2 = 0.65 and a residual standard deviation (RSD) of 5.87 were obtained. The precision of estimation was influenced by the data set (p = 0.033), the type of feed (p < 0.001) and the feeding level (p = 0.009), and interactions occurred between type of feed and feeding level (p = 0.021). Adjusting the intercept and the slope of the established exponential function to the present data resulted in a compression of the curve; while r2 remained unchanged, the RSD of the regression between measured and estimated OMD was reduced, when compared with the results obtained from the equation of Lukas et al. (2005). Estimating OMD from treatment means of FCP greatly improved the correlation between measured and estimated OMD for both the established function and the newly fit equation. However, if anti-nutritional dietary factors increase the concentration of faecal nitrogen from feed or endogenous origin, the approach might considerably overestimate diet digestibility.     

退耕还林还草地鼠害治理 --大林姬鼠种群年龄结构的研究

对采自青海省退耕还林还草地88只大林姬鼠Apodemus speciosus标本的体重和胴体重等7项生长指标进行了主成分分析,确定了各项指标对鼠体生长的代表性大小。结果表明:体重和胴体重是最具有代表性的生长指标,并根据体重将大林姬鼠划分为5个年龄组,为及时掌握退耕还林还草地鼠类种群动态进而对其进行有效防治提供有力的证据。     

南水北调水源地区牧草产业化发展分析

农村经济的发展离不开畜牧业的发展,最近几年南水北调中线工程水源地区农业进行了比较广泛的产业结构调整,传统的畜牧业发展模式也发生了相应变化。目前产业结构调整发展到了一个攻坚阶段,产业结构调整中的一些深层次问题也开始突现。这些问题处理得当与否不仅关系到水源地的水质,而且关系到社会稳定。从产业结构方面简要分析了该地区的地理特点和在发展畜牧产业的过程中出现的问题,并从“循环经济”的角度提出了发展牧草产业,做大做强畜牧业的可行性做法。     

耕翻干扰对丰宁坝上孤石牧场种子库及地上植被的影响

主要论述了在3种恢复方式下即自然恢复(对照)、浅耕(10 cm)、深耕(20 cm)下地下种子库和地上植被在物种组成、种子数量、物种多样性以及种子垂直分布方面的变化规律和二者之间的相关性。结果表明,在浅耕处理下,无论是地上还是地下多样性均有所增加,较好地促进了种子的萌发,但生物量有所下降,究其原因可能是人为的耕翻干扰增加了一、二年生草本植物所占比例的缘故;不同恢复方式对种子数量的垂直分布也有很大影响,自然恢复与一般规律相似,有78.5%的种子分布在0~10 cm,而浅耕和深耕处理分别有75.4%和54.1%分布在0~10 cm;该退耕地还处于演替的初期,土壤种子库与地上植被有一定程度的相关性。     

Can the agronomic performance of urea equal calcium ammonium nitrate across nitrogen rates in temperate grassland?

In temperate grassland, urea has been shown to have lower nitrous oxide emissions compared to ammonium nitrate‐based fertilizer and is less expensive. However, nitrogen (N) loss via ammonia volatilization from urea raises questions regarding yield performance and efficiency. This study compares the yield and N offtake of grass fertilized with urea, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and urea treated with the urease inhibitor N‐(n ‐ butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) at six site‐years. Five annual fertilizer N rates (100–500 kg N/ha) were applied in five equal splits of 20–100 kg N/ha during the growing season. On average, urea produced slightly better yields than CAN in spring (103.5% of CAN yield) and slightly poorer yields in summer (98.4% of CAN yield). There was no significant difference in annual grass yield between urea, CAN and urea + NBPT. Urea had the lowest cost per tonne of DM grass yield produced. However, the urea treatment had lower N offtake than CAN and this difference was more pronounced as the N rate increased. There was no difference in N offtake between urea + NBPT and CAN. While this study shows that urea produced yields comparable to CAN, urea apparent fertilizer N recovery (AFNR) tends to be lower. Urea selection in place of CAN will increase national ammonia emissions which is problematic for countries with targets to reduce ammonia emissions. Promisingly, NBPT allows the agronomic performance of urea to consistently equal CAN across N rates by addressing the ammonia loss limitations of urea.     

The ability of the DGT soil phosphorus test to predict pasture response in Australian pasture soils – a preliminary assessment

Diffusive gradients in thin‐films (DGT) technology provides an alternative assessment of available phosphorus (P) for a range of crops, suggesting a preliminary examination of the performance of the new DGT‐P test, compared to existing bicarbonate extractable Olsen and Colwell P tests, for pastures is justified. This study utilized historic data from the Australian National Reactive Phosphate Rock (NRPR) study (1992–1994) that included 25 experimental sites representing a wide range of soil types and climates used for pasture production. Stored (~19 yr) soil samples were analysed for DGT‐P, Olsen P and a single point P buffering index (PBI) and re‐analysed for Colwell P. Results showed the traditional bicarbonate extractable Colwell (r² = 0.45, P < 0.001) and Olsen P (r² = 0.27, P < 0.001) methods predicted relative pasture P response more accurately, compared to the novel DGT‐P test (r² = 0.09, P = 0.03) when all 3 yr of data were examined. We hypothesize that the harsher bicarbonate extraction used for the Olsen and Colwell methods more accurately reflects the ability of perennial pasture roots to access less labile forms of P, in contrast to the DGT‐P test, which does not change the soil pH or dilute the soil and appears unable to fully account for a plants ability to solubilize P. Further studies are needed to compare the capacity of DGT‐P to measure P availability in perennial pasture systems and to better understand the soil chemical differences between pasture and cropping systems.     

Precipitation but not soil texture alters effectiveness of dicyandiamide to decrease nitrate leaching from dairy cow urine

This experiment compared the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) in decreasing NO₃‐N leaching from dairy cow urine (1000 kg N/ha equivalent). DCD was applied to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) on three soil types (silt loam, sandy loam and clay) and under two precipitation regimes using intact soil monolith zero tension lysimeters (50 cm diameter by 65 cm deep). Over the two experiment years, annual precipitation (rainfall plus supplemented irrigation) covered the range 1103 to 2351 mm. Soil type affected the forms of N that leached after urine application. Most urea was lost from the clay soil in the first drainage collections after application. Ammonium‐N leached from the sandy soil. Apart from one soil type (sandy loam) giving a nil response to DCD in 1 yr, there was no strong evidence that soil type changed DCD effectiveness (the amount of NO₃‐N retained, expressed as a percentage of the NO₃‐N leached from untreated urine). Where DCD decreased leaching, effectiveness ranged between 6 and 57% with a mean value of 34 ± 5%. Drainage depth explained 50% of the variation in DCD effectiveness (P < 0.05) and indicated a 7% decrease per 100 mm extra drainage. Extra pasture growth and N uptake were strongly related to the amount of N saved by DCD application. We conclude that there may be scope to use rainfall/drainage as an estimate of likely DCD effectiveness at a site, but further work is required to test this across a wider range of circumstances.     

Allelopathic Research in Permanent Improved Pastures of Inland Temperate Australia

Summary

Agricultural productivity is very dependent upon the successful establishment of crops and pastures. High populations of vigorous seedlings enable the crop or pasture to withstand competition from weeds and infection from diseases as well as providing good utilisation of nutrient inputs and water. Residues of weed and pasture species can interfere with crop establishment and pasture regeneration. Research at Charles Sturt University (CSU) and elsewhere in Australia has focused on a better understanding of these relationships and the management of each situation to advantage the pasture and to minimise the impact of the allelopathic effects. Such effects include poor germination and early seedling growth and are influenced by the variety and species of agricultural plants being grown.