Sulphur in soil and light fraction organic matter as influenced by long-term application of superphosphate

Numerous studies have examined the role of light fraction (LF) organic matter in soil C and N cycling, but there is no published information on the amounts and nature of S in LF. The objective of this work was to characterize the S composition of LF in soils receiving different inputs of fertilizer S. Soils (0-7.5 cm) were taken from a long-term experiment (1952-1999) set up to examine the effects of single superphosphate (SP) (applied at 0, 188, or 376 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, which equates to 0, 21, and 42 kg SO₄-S ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) on the productivity of an irrigated, grass-clover pasture grazed by sheep. The S content of LF (separated by flotation on NaI solution with specific gravity 1.7) increased by ∼20-30% in response to SP. The LF was enriched in organic S compared with whole soil (S concentration in LF was ∼1000-1400 mg kg⁻¹ vs ∼400-500 mg kg⁻¹ in whole soil), but LF-S represented only 1.3-4.7% of soil S. Most (∼88%) of the S in LF was C-bonded, reflecting the dominance of this form of S in organic matter returned to the soil in dung and plant residues. Hydriodic acid (HI) reducible-S accounted for only ∼12% of LF-S, compared with 28-35% of whole soil organic S. Superphosphate tended to increase total soil N, due to improved clover growth. There was a strong positive relationship between total N and C-bonded S in whole soil and LF, whereas soil HI-S and N were not associated. Increases in C-bonded S where SP was applied appeared to be driven mainly by increases in soil N, which in turn were due to improved clover growth in response to phosphate supplied by SP. Increases in HI-S due to SP application were probably a direct response to inputs of S. As LF is a small pool of S, with a relatively wide C:S ratio (∼200:1), we concluded that it is unlikely to contribute a significant amount of plant-available S.     

玉米茎秆汁液防治坡面土壤侵蚀的室内模拟试验

该文通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了地表施加玉米茎秆汁液对降雨产流产沙强度的影响,旨在探索玉米茎秆汁液是否可以作为土壤改良剂来减少产流产沙强度。试验设计了2种玉米茎秆汁液的施加量(400和800 g)、4种施加浓度(10%、25%、50%和75%)和4种降雨强度(50、25、75、100 mm/h)。结果表明,各施加浓度和施加量的玉米茎秆汁液都能够减少降雨产流产沙强度,且相同条件下的产沙强度减小程度大于产流强度减小程度。当玉米茎秆汁液的施加量为400 g时,随着施加浓度从10%增加至25%、50%和75%,减流百分比分别为31.243%、31.685%、34.595%和39.475%,减沙百分比分别为23.167%、41.993%、37.918%和64.606%;当玉米茎秆汁液的施加量为800 g时,随着施加浓度从10%增加至25%、50%、75%,减流百分比分别为37.583%、56.433%、63.170%和76.360%,减沙百分比分别为48.214%、77.219%、88.572%和95.539%。当施加量和降雨强度相同时,产流产沙强度与施加浓度之间呈显著的指数函数递减关系,产沙强度随降雨强度的变化呈显著的幂函数递增关系。当施加量为400 g时,各施加浓度下的产流强度与降雨强度之间呈显著的线性函数递增关系,当施加量为800 g时,各施加浓度下的产流强度随降雨强度呈显著的指数函数递增关系。研究为水力侵蚀的防治提供了新思路,为水蚀荒漠化的防治提供了新方法。     

LC土壤改良剂对土壤盐碱及大白菜生长的影响

进行了LC土壤改良剂对盐碱土壤的改良及对大白菜出苗、生长、产量的影响效果试验。结果表明,LC土壤改良剂对降低土壤耕层(0～40cm)可溶性盐效果明显;在提高大白菜出苗率和产量上有一定作用。同时探讨了LC土壤改良剂施用量。     

我国农业科技园区的建设与发展

农业科技园区的基本特征是“三高一新”,具有示范、带动和龙头作用。开发农业科技园区应明确发展思路,完善管理机制,建立人才流动和激励机制。     

几种牧草不同萌发期同功酶分析

以几种禾本科和豆科牧草为试材,采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,测定了牧草种子不同萌发期过氧化物酶同功酶的变化,并据此分析了它与遗传学和品种鉴定等的关系。每种牧草都有其特征酶谱,又因荫发期不同副带有所不同,酶带强弱也不同。当种子萌发达到一定天数时,酶谱趋于稳定。不同种间酶谱差异较大,同种间差异较小。     

Laboratory Measurement of Mowing Machine Material Feed Rate

The main objective of this research was to evaluate two possibilities of material feed rate measurement of modern mowing machines equipped with conditioner. The machines are commonly used for harvest of grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Dactylus glomerata, Phleum pratense, etc.), clover (Trifolium pratense, etc.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) etc.A mowing machine with finger conditioner was equipped with an electronic measuring unit for the purpose of our measurements. The mowing machine's conditioner shaft was supplied with strain gauges placed on a torque-meter and with a RPM optical sensor counter. Together with torque-meter the mowing machine was equipped with a curved impact plate mounted on the machine's material output.It was decided to arrange a laboratory measurement to obtain information about the dependence of conditioner power input and signals from the impact plate on material mass flow. A mixture of grass and alfalfa was used for our measurement.The measurements carried out proved that a very good linear relationship existed between the conditioner's power input, output frequency of the apparatus measuring impact force by means of the impact plate, and material feed rate through the mowing machine. The calculated coefficients of correlation were about 0.95. It is possible to differentiate a material feed rate difference of 0.5kgs^–1 using both methods. This accuracy should be sufficient for practical utilisation such as creating yield maps.     

海南省天然草地禾本科植物资源与利用研究

对海南省天然草地禾本科植物资源与利用进行了调查研究.调查和分类统计表明:海南省天然草地禾本科植物共有103属271种,其中海南省所特有的植物有24种,可用作草坪建植的植物有7属8种;依据质量特征将调查到的禾本科植物划分为3个级别,其中优良牧草有48属137种,中等牧草有64属130种,低等牧草有4属4种.同时提出应当合理开发利用该资源,加强野生草种的驯化工作的建议.     

液体地膜防治丘陵红壤地区水土流失的研究

通过田间试验研究了红壤丘陵区液体地膜对防治水土流失的效果和持续时间及对作物生长的影响。结果表明:地表径流量荒地喷液体地膜比对照(喷清水)增加1/5;园地比对照增加1/3。土壤侵蚀量荒地喷液体地膜比对照可减少1/2;园地比对照减少近1/3。旱稻喷液体地膜分别提高了出苗14%,有效穗11%,成穗率8%,由此增产753kg/hm2。液体地膜防治水土流失的持续时期约45d,可有效防治红壤地区夏收夏种农时季节的关键性水土流失。     

小叶锦鸡儿放牧场沙漠化过程中植物多样性的变化

对科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿放牧场在沙漠化过程中物种多样性的变化特征进行了研究。分析了植物种类消长规律、生活型结构变化、优势度以及生态位宽度的变化情况。物种多样性指数分析表明，沙漠化过程是一个物种多样性衰减的过程，沙漠化导致大多数原生性物种消失。固定沙丘到半固定沙丘这一过程是整个沙漠化过程中物种多样性丧失最快的阶段。从生活型来看，地面芽植物受沙漠化影响最大。采用Levins公式测度了科尔沁沙地不同沙漠化阶段中17个主要种群生态位宽度变化情况。结果表明，大多数原生植物种群的生态位宽度沙漠化进程中逐渐降低，而侵入的沙生植物则呈现了相反的变化趋势。