Crop responses to applied soil compaction and to compaction repair treatments

Crop responses to annual compaction treatments (applied to whole plots) and management treatments to ameliorate compacted soil were determined in a field experiment on a Vertisol. Initially, all treatments except a control were compacted with a 10 Mg axle load on wet soil (26% gravimetric water content compared with a plastic limit of 22%). Annually applied axle loads of 10 and 6 Mg on wet soil (25–32% soil water) tended to reduce seedling emergence, grain yield (wheat, sorghum and maize), soil water storage and crop water use efficiency (WUE). Annual applications of an axle load of 6 Mg on dry soil (<22% soil water) had little effect on crop performance. Mean reductions in the yield of five crops (three wheat, one sorghum and one maize) in comparison with the uncompacted control were 23% or 0.79 Mg ha⁻¹ (10 Mg on wet soil), 13% or 0.44 Mg ha⁻¹ (6 Mg on wet soil) and 1% or 0.03 Mg ha⁻¹ (6 Mg on dry soil). Maize grown in the fifth year of treatment application was most affected by compaction of wet soil, its WUE being reduced from 14.3 to 9.7 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ in response to an axle load of 10 Mg. Reduced WUE was associated with delayed soil water extraction at depth. A 3-year pasture ley was the most successful amelioration treatment. A wheat and a maize crop grown after the ley outyielded the control by 0.33 and 0.90 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. So the pasture not only ameliorated the initial compaction damage, with respect to crop performance, but resulted in improvements in two subsequent crops.     

土壤改良剂节水增产效应的田间试验研究

采用田间试验,探讨了施用土壤改良剂对冬小麦的产量及水肥利用效率的影响.结果表明,施加土壤改良剂能降低作物生育期耗水量,提高冬小麦的产量,增加水肥利用效率.在不灌水条件下,施加土壤改良剂1 500 kg/hm~2,能够使冬小麦较对照增产15%,水分利用效率(WUE)提高了21.65%,磷肥利用效率(PUE)较单施磷肥增加2.92%.在灌水33.3 mm的条件下,施加土壤改良剂较对照可增产28.57%,将土壤改良剂与磷肥混施增产可达到42.86%.而且,PUE较单施磷肥增加了11.11%,WUE达到25.06kg/(hm~2·mm).     

Responses of subshrub sagebrush rangeland in North-Western China to changes in livestock numbers and rainfall over 10 years (2004–2013)

Seriphidium transiliense, or subshrub sagebrush, is one of the most important forage resources for livestock in many arid lands, but such resources have been threatened by overgrazing for a long time. A 2013 vegetation survey of an original sagebrush rangeland (2400?ha) in the Tianshan Mountains revealed that nearly half of the area once under sagebrush has been replaced by annual species. This is due to the continual and rapid increase in livestock numbers over the past 30?years. Three smaller sites with different grazing scenarios: no grazing (Site N), a decline (Site 1), and an increase (Site 2) in livestock numbers, were selected to monitor recent changes (from 2004 to 2013) in vegetation biomass and the degree of dominance by sagebrush. Supplanting happened at Site 2 but little occurred at Site 1. There were significant differences between Site 2 and Site 1 in standing biomass in Spring and Summer, but no significant differences in Summer between Site 1 and Site N. The supplanting of sagebrush marks the completion of a dynamic process – in which rainfall plays a crucial role – of damage to sagebrush from heavy grazing in drought years and its rehabilitation by light grazing in some good years. Plant biomass loss was greatest when the land was first subjected to heavy grazing. Sagebrush tends to exist as a sole-dominant species rather than a companion species in sagebrush communities. This suggests that sagebrush continued to survive in pockets where grazing pressure had declined.     

割草机器人工作原理及试验研究—基于GPS/DR组合导航系统

随着国民经济不断发展,我国人民生活水平不断提升,多种人工作业逐渐被机器所取代。GPS/DR组合导航系统能够有效提升割草机器人定位精度,克服传统割草机器人固有弊端,提高工作效率。为此,对GPS/DR组合导航系统原理展开了分析,进行了GPS/DR组合导航系统割草机器人研究,并进行了相关试验研究,验证了GPS/DR组合导航系统割草机器人相对于传统割草机器人的优势。     

优质高产牧草皇竹草综述

杂交巨象草又称皇竹草,是由象草和非洲狼尾草杂交育成的一种优质高产牧草品种,具有适应性广,抗逆性强,产量高,粗蛋白和糖分含量较高,叶量较多的一种热带饲用植物,适宜热带亚热带及我国南方温带地区栽培种植。     

开发利用发酵残渣改良盐碱土的研究

通过大田试验,研究了以生物发酵残渣为主要原料制备的盐碱土改良剂的改土培肥效果.试验结果表明,盐碱土改良剂能明显降低盐碱土pH值,土壤酸碱度约降低约0.5 pH单位;利用盐碱土改良剂改良盐碱土应控制其施用量,不能超过30 000 kg·hm-2,施用量过高将增加土壤盐分;盐碱土改良剂能明显增加土壤有机质、水解氮、速效磷含量,提高土壤肥力;施用盐碱土改良剂提高了小麦产量,小麦最高增产达1 249.5 kg·hm-2,但不同施用量之间差异不显著.     

披碱草与羊草混播改良草地技术研究

通过披碱草与羊草混播进行草地改良,播种当年产草量为1200kg·hm^-2,植被覆盖度达70％。第二年产草量为3750kg·hm^-2,植被覆盖度达80％。第三年产草量为4500kg·hm^-2,植被覆盖度达90％。是防止苏打盐碱土草原退化的有效措施。     

窗式空调器贯流风机的设计与实验研究

针对贯流风机用于有限尺寸大冷量窗式空调器系统中的特点,介绍了贯流风机的设计方法.首先采用气动设计计算确定叶轮的几何尺寸,计算蜗壳的有关参数,最后通过实验及分析,确定合适的蜗舌间隙和蒸发器位置尺寸,使贯流风机的风量和噪音满足所设计的空调器性能指标的要求.     

呼伦贝尔露天煤矿堆土场外围牧场土壤的重金属污染评价

为露天煤矿矿区的土壤改良与修复提供依据,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法与Hakanson潜在生态指数法相结合对呼伦贝尔市东明露天煤矿堆土场外围东南侧牧场土壤Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As和Hg等7种重金属的含量特征、污染程度与潜在生态风险进行研究,同时运用相关分析及主成分分析探讨牧场土壤重金属的主要来源。结果表明:牧场土壤7种重金属含量与国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)二级标准相比均未超过规定限值,与内蒙古土壤重金属背景值相比,Zn和Pb的含量均超标,超标率为5.56%和83.33%。牧场土壤7种重金属的单项污染指数均1,土壤污染等级为清洁;综合污染指数0.7,土壤污染等级为安全。Cd的潜在生态危害系数平均值为53.04(40),呈中等生态危害程度,其他金属均为低生态危害程度;7种重金属综合潜在生态危害指数平均为86.43(90),呈轻微生态危害程度。主要贡献因子是Cd。Cu、Zn、Cd与Pb及As与Hg具有相同来源的可能性大,Cr具有单独的污染来源。