新疆牧区光伏提水技术应用的可行性研究

光伏提水是一门新兴技术,具有无噪音、无环境污染、不消耗常规能源、全自动、高可靠性等优势。近年来,随着中国光伏产业的迅速发展,光伏设备的制造生产成本和价格不断下降。新疆牧区光能资源丰富,通过利用光伏提水技术解决人畜饮水及饲草料灌溉的问题,能够解决当前牧区生活和生产的需要,对促进新疆牧区的社会安定团结和社会经济、自然环境的可持续发展具有重要的推动作用。     

Combating Aeolian Desertification in Northern China

Progress in combating aeolian desertification (land degradation resulting from wind erosion) has been achieved in an agro‐pastoral ecotone of northern China since the mid‐1980s. This paper reviews three common measures used to combat and control aeolian desertification in such regions. In addition, it introduces a case study on the recovery of a degraded semi‐arid ecosystem to provide regional lessons and support theoretical and practical approaches to desertification prevention and reversal on a global scale. On the basis of the analysis and evaluation of three kinds of typical measures and one regional scale case, this study shows that human‐caused aeolian desertified land can be rehabilitated. Although the technologies and management of combating aeolian desertification in an agro‐pastoral ecotone of northern China still need further improvement through more experimentation and practical application in the future, the experience gained to date contains important lessons for the recovery of degraded land on a global scale. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高寒牧区杜藏、萨藏F1代羔羊早期育肥试验

为探讨高寒牧区杜泊、萨福克与地方品种杂种F1代羔羊育肥性能,本试验用黑头杜波、黑头萨福克羊的细管冻精授配当地高原型藏羊,在羔羊早期补饲、自由采食精料补充料的饲牧条件下,观察高寒牧区杂种F1代羔羊的适应性及育肥效果。结果表明:在同一饲牧条件下,杜×藏、萨×藏F1代羔羊比藏羊,初生重分别提高35.31%和24.33%;3、5月龄体重分别增加6.3 kg(P<0.01)、5.50 kg(P<0.01)和9.55kg(P<0.01)、8.19 kg(P<0.01);0~5月龄日增重分别增加56 g和49 g;5月龄收入分别高257.85元和221.13元,且5月龄育肥收入明显高于3月龄。以杜波、萨福克羊与当地藏羊杂交F1代适应性好,杂种优势明显。杜×藏、萨×藏是适宜当地藏羊优质商品肉羊生产的优秀杂交组合。     

高寒牧区芽苗菜人工种植气象条件分析

利用红原县气象局2014年度芽苗菜观测数据与同时段红原县气象站观测数据,综合分析高寒牧区芽苗蔬菜的出苗率、成品生产周期、产量以及对应播种时和以后相对的气温、湿度、积温等气象指标,找出适合高寒牧区芽苗蔬菜的最适生长气象条件.结果表明,适宜高寒牧区人工大规模种植的芽苗蔬菜为绿豆、豌豆、黄豆;豌豆浸种时长维持在6h左右为宜,且种植萌发过程中应维持在自然通风条件下,加温条件下其出苗率更高;绿豆适宜种植在温度较高的条件下;玉米不适宜于高寒牧区人工大规模粮食作物种植,但在一定程度上可用于越冬牲畜饲草青贮,提高高寒牧区越冬牲畜成活率.积温对其玉米生长发育有较好的影响,在一定程度上可加快豌豆的生长发育;不同基质对豌豆、黄豆种子的萌发时间没有大的影响,在3种基质(滤纸、加土、加沙)中,加温条件下出苗率均大于室温条件;土壤基质中出苗率最大,其次为滤纸基质.     

农牧结合循环农业园区规划建设的实践与思考——以温州泰顺一鸣生态农庄为例

将循环经济理论应用于畜牧业生产实践和园区规划建设中,为畜牧业长效发展提供了新的思路与模式。以温州泰顺一鸣生态农庄规划建设为研究对象,指出农牧结合循环农业园区规划建设的指导思想、规划设计、循环模式,探讨循环体系构建的相关参数,并分析园区规划建设后主要的生态效益,最后对农牧结合循环农业园区规划建设提出相关思考与建议。     

Sward height, structure and leaf extension rate of Lolium perenne pastures when grazed by overwintering barnacle geese

Abstract The grazing of agricultural pastures during winter and spring by geese is considered an important agricultural problem in parts of the U.K. This study describes the sward structure, leaf extension and senescence rates of Lolium perenne‐dominated pastures that are frequently grazed by barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) during winter in South‐west Scotland, as well as the conducting of a field experiment that simulated grazing to investigate the effects of defoliation. Gross leaf extension and senescence rates were strongly related to temperature, daylength and average tiller size, resulting in positive values of net leaf extension rate per tiller for most of the winter. Total tiller length declined from November to January but increased from January to April. Sward height, however, declined consistently from October to April, suggesting that swards were becoming trampled by repeated visits by flocks of geese over this time. The structure of individual tillers was found to vary slightly over the winter, with tillers becoming more dominated by younger leaves towards the end of the winter. Experimental defoliation of tillers suggested that absolute leaf extension rates did not respond in an under‐ or over‐compensatory manner, even when tillers were nearly completely defoliated. The results suggested that sward structure and leaf extension rates are not unduly affected by repeated grazing by overwintering geese and that short‐term depletion and trampling are the main impacts.     

新疆草地资源合理利用与草地畜牧业可持续发展

新疆是我国五大牧区之一。在长期传统游牧畜牧业经营方式下，对草地缺乏有效的保护和科学管理，片面追求牲畜存栏头数，超载过牧现象普遍存在，加之毁草开垦，乱挖药草，导致草地退化问题严重，优良牧草减少、牧草产量下降、草地生态环境恶化、自然灾害频繁。结果畜牧业生产难以持续发展，草地资源与畜牧业生产持续发展之间的矛盾日益突出，使畜产品数量减少、质量下降、抗灾能力减弱，畜牧业经济效益降低。在此基础上实施草地畜牧业可持续发展，需要改变思想观念，执行科技兴牧，教育先行；强化畜牧业生产基础，经济效益和生态效益并重，加强草地管理和建设，合理利用草地资源，改变靠天养畜的现状，从而达到畜牧业可持续发展的目的。     

麦洼牦牛泌乳性能研究

麦洼牦母牛185d校正产奶量为211.300kg,最高日产奶量和最高月产奶量出现在7月,分别为1.56kg和48.474kg。1～5胎次之间产奶量差异极显著(p<0.01),第1胎次产奶量(177.621kg)最低(p<0.01),其它胎次之间差异不显著;第3胎次(236.020kg)以后趋于稳定。     

西北草原水资源的合理利用

西北牧区草原生态系统极其脆弱,且与水资源的关系致为密切,水资源的开发利用稍有不慎,就会导致草原生态系统的受损,必须以生态学的观点科学合理地配置和利用水资源.     

西北牧区经济发展与草地退化的关系

以甘肃、青海和新疆牧区为例,利用环境库茨涅兹曲线(EKC)模型,对其30年内人均收入和草地资源退化率进行时间序列数据的回归分析,结果表明,西北地区草地资源退化与经济发展符合EKC模型,模拟图形大致呈倒U曲线。根据模型预测,甘肃、青海和新疆草地资源退化率拐点分别在人均收入的7 777.0元、21 752.6元和13 973.6元,预测甘肃省草地资源退化率已越过转折点且随经济发展呈上升态势,青海省牧区的经济发展近几年在曲线的拐点附近、新疆草地退化率随经济发展呈下降趋势。通过模拟结果与3省(区)畜牧业产值比较分析,应通过提高技术水平和改进可持续管理制度措施,减少经济发展对草地资源的依赖度,并结合西北地区特有的生态、文化特征,制定相应治理措施,从而促使经济与草地资源同步发展。