Influence of High Temperature Stress on Net Photosynthesis,Dry Matter Partitioning and Rice Grain Yield at Flowering and Grain Filling Stages

Climate change is recognized to increase the frequency and severity of extreme temperature events. At flowering and grain filling stages, risk of high temperature stress (HTS) on rice might increase, and lead to declining grain yields. A regulated cabinet experiment was carried out to investigate effects of high temperature stress on rice growth at flowering and grain-filling stages. Results showed that no obvious decrease pattern in net photosynthesis appeared along with the temperature rising, but the dry matter allocation in leaf, leaf sheath, culm, and panicle all changed. Dry weight of panicle decreased, and ratio of straw to total above ground crop dry weight increased 6–34% from CK, which might have great effects on carbon cycling and green house gas emission. Grain yield decreased significantly across all treatments on average from 15 to 73%. Occurrence of HTS at flowering stage showed more serious influence on grain yield than at grain filling stage. High temperature stress showed negative effects on harvest index. It might be helpful to provide valuable information for crop simulation models to capture the effects of high temperature stress on rice, and evaluate the high temperature risk.     

泡桐一年生埋根苗生长及同化产物分配的研究

对泡桐一年生埋根苗生长、干物质积累、储存/结构分配、同比物分配等规律进行了定量研究。并结合不同群体结构的研究,优化了育苗密度。研究结果表明:在年生长周期中,泡桐一年生埋根苗的叶面积增长和干物质积累规律均符合Logistic 方程,净同化率和比叶面积为单峰曲线,相对生长率和叶面积比随着时间的推移逐渐减小,储存/结构分配的变化规律与净同化率一致:而同化物的分配在各生长时期不同,生长初期主要分配给根系和叶片,速生期主要分配给叶片和茎,生长后期主要分配给茎和根系.同时,地上部分和地下部分的生长和分配具有交替节律性。密度影响单株叶面积、叶片的解剖结构和光能的分布,从而影响净同化率。随着密度的增大,净同化率降低,单株生物量减小。密度对储存/结构的分配没有显著影响,但它影响同化物在各器官间的分配。通过优化方法,确定育苗密度以每亩555株为最佳.     

Yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen uptake in potato: influence of drought stress

Summary A lysimeter experiment was performed to study the optimal allocation of limited water supply in potatoes. Irrigation regimes equal to 40, 60 and 80% of maximum evapotranspiration (ET) were evenly applied over the crop cycle. Other treatments involved withholding 80 mm of irrigation, based on ET, beginning at each of three designated growth stages (tuber initiation, early and late tuber growth). An irrigated control treatment, restoring the entire ET, was included for comparison. Continuous drought stress reduced photosynthesis as irrigation volumes were reduced. Plant biomass and tuber yield decreased almost proportionally to water consumption, so that WUE was roughly constant. N uptake was highest in the control and in 80% ET treatment. Withholding water during tuberisation severely hindered plant physiological processes and penalized tuber yield. Reductions in photosynthesis, total biomass and yield were the greatest when drought was imposed during tuber initiation. The earliest stress resulted in the lowest WUE and N uptake. A new crop water stress index (SI) was proposed, which combines atmospheric demand for water and canopy temperature.     

The Distribution of Dragonfly Larvae in a South Carolina Stream: Relationships With Sediment Type,Body Size,and the Presence of Other Larvae

Dragonfly larvae were sampled in Little Creek, Greenville, SC. The distributions of five common species were described relative to sediment type, body size, and the presence of other larvae. In total, 337 quadrats (1 m by 0.5 m) were sampled by kick seine. For each quadrat, the substrate was classified as sand, sand-cobble mix, cobble, coarse, or rock, and water depth and distance from bank were measured. Larvae were identified to species, and the lengths of the body, head, and metafemur were measured. Species were distributed differently across sediment types: sanddragons, Progomphus obscurus (Rambur) (Odonata: Gomphidae), were common in sand; twin-spotted spiketails, Cordulegaster maculata Selys (Odonata: Cordulegastridae), preferred a sand-cobble mix; Maine snaketails, Ophiogomphus mainensis Packard (Odonata: Gomphidae), preferred cobble and coarse sediments; fawn darners, Boyeria vinosa (Say) (Odonata: Aeshnidae), preferred coarse sediments; and Eastern least clubtails, Stylogomphus albistylus (Hagen) (Odonata: Gomphidae), preferred coarse and rock sediments. P. obscurus and C. maculata co-occurred more frequently than expected by chance, as did O. mainensis, B. vinosa, and S. albistylus. Mean size varied among species, and species preferences contributed to differences in mean size across sediment types. There were significant negative associations among larval size classes: small larvae (<12 mm) occurred less frequently with large larvae (>15 mm) than expected by chance, and large larvae were alone in quadrats more frequently than other size classes. Species may select habitats at a large scale based on sediment type and their functional morphology, but small scale distributions are consistent with competitive displacement or intraguild predation.     

Effect of planting date on growth, development, aerial biomass partitioning and essential oil productivity of wild marigold (Tagetes minuta) in mid hills of Indian western Himalaya

A field investigation was conducted at the Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur during the year 2005 to study the effect of planting dates on duration of growth and development in wild marigold (Tagetes minuta). Duration of growth phases (vegetative phase to budding phase and budding phase to 50% flowering phase), aerial biomass partitioning and essential oil production were analysed. Plantings were done in seven consequent meteorological standard weeks (MSWs) starting from the 30th MSW (30 July–5 August). Planting time coincided with distinct changes in weather parameters and consequently significant variation in the performance of the crop. The results indicated that the crop planted in the 30th and 31st MSW had the longest duration of growth and highest aerial biomass. But it partitioned more biomass towards the stem, whereas the crop planted in the 35th MSW produced significantly less biomass than the former and partitioned more towards leaf and flower and had maximum essential oil content and production. The crop planted at the 36th MSW had the minimum field duration of growth of 50 days, but the partitioning towards leaf and flower were higher than the longest field duration of growth (30th MSW). The study clearly indicated that planting dates had profound influence on growth and development of T. minuta as reflected from the significant variation on growth phase duration, aerial biomass partitioning, herb and essential oil yield.     

三相分离法提取胡椒油树脂的工艺研究

本文以黑胡椒粉为原料,采用三相分离法（TPP）提取胡椒油树脂,研究了胡椒粉添加量、硫酸铵质量浓度、提取液与叔丁醇体积比、pH、温度对胡椒油树脂得率及胡椒碱含量的影响,并通过响应面试验优化了胡椒油树脂的提取工艺。结果表明：最佳提取条件为胡椒粉添加量5%、硫酸铵质量浓度10%、提取液与叔丁醇的体积比1∶0.5、pH 4、温度20℃,在此条件下,黑胡椒油树脂得率为12.90%,黑胡椒油树脂中胡椒碱含量为30.46%,验证试验与模型预测值基本相符。研究结果为工业化提取胡椒油树脂提供参考。     

Effect of free-air CO2 enrichment on the storage of carbohydrate fixed at different stages in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Increasing global atmospheric CO₂ concentrations are expected to influence crop production. To investigate the effect on rice (Oryza sativa L.), plants were grown under ambient CO₂ (AMB) or free-air CO₂-enrichment (FACE) at CO₂ concentrations ranged from 275 to 365 μmol mol⁻¹ above AMB. We supplied ¹³CO₂ to the plants at different growth stages so we could examine the contribution of carbohydrate stored during the vegetative stage or newly fixed carbohydrate produced during the grain-filling stage to ear weight at grain maturity. In plants supplied with ¹³C at the panicle-initiation or pre-heading stages, plants grown under FACE had more starch in the stems at heading, but there was no difference in stem ¹³C content. Furthermore, there were no differences between treatments in whole-plant ¹³C contents at heading and grain maturity. In contrast, plants supplied with ¹³C at the grain-filling stage had more ¹³C in the whole plant and the ears at grain maturity under FACE than under AMB, indicating that the increased amount of photosynthate produced at the grain-filling stage under CO₂ enrichment might be effectively stored in the grains. Furthermore, regardless of when the ¹³C was supplied, plants had more ¹³C in starch in the ears at grain maturity under FACE than under AMB. Therefore, CO₂ enrichment appears to promote partitioning of photosynthate produced during both vegetative and grain-filling stages to the grains.     

Relationship between grain yield and quality of durum wheats from different eras of breeding

High protein content and a strong gluten are required in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) to process semolina into a suitable final pasta product. The variation in grain protein content and quality realized through breeding and the concomitant variation in biomass production and partitioning have been analyzed by comparing in a 2-year field trial, four groups of cultivars released in different eras and areas of breeding. Three groups of cultivars represented the evolution of the Italian germplasm from the first landraces and genealogical selections (Group 1) to the cultivars constituted by crossing Mediterranean types with Syriacum types (Group 2), and the modern dwarf and semi-dwarf cultivars (Group 3). Group 4 was an ICARDA collection of breeding lines bred for adaptation to high altitudes. The measured traits included both biomass production and its partitioning to the grain, and total nitrogen uptake and its partitioning to the grain. Grain protein percentage, gluten content and gluten index were utilized as quality traits. Breeding resulted in an increased earliness, reduced height without significant decreases in total biomass, and improved partitioning. The concomitant total nitrogen uptake did not change, whereas the changed biomass partitioning caused a parallel change in nitrogen partitioning, with an increase in nitrogen harvest index from 0.41 to 0.59. The lower protein percentage in the grains of modern cultivars was therefore not due to a reduced nitrogen uptake, nor to a lower NHI or to less milligram of nitrogen per grain, but to the dilution effect caused by the heavier grains of modern cultivars. A notable increase in gluten index was observed in the modern cultivars, reflecting an improvement in the pasta-making quality of grain proteins.     

有机肥对烤烟干物质积累及分配的影响

试验研究了有机肥对烤烟各器官干物质积累的影响,以为黑龙江重茬栽培烤烟合理施用有机肥提供理论依据。本试验设在肇州县永胜乡,采用田间小区试验设计,4个处理,分别为对照B1,常规施肥B2,有机肥B3,有机肥+饼肥处理B4,所有处理氮、P2O5、K2O用量分别为52.50、78.75、105.00 kg.hm-2,3次重复。结果表明:根系、茎内B4处理干物质积累量比B2处理提高33.85%、17.51%,B3处理分别提高15.30%、10.19%;下部叶、中部叶、上部叶B4处理干物质积累量分别达到1 061.17、865.73、601.58 kg.hm-2,显著高于B2处理;B3处理下部叶干物质积累量显著高于B2处理,中部叶、上部叶与B2之间无显著差异;B4处理有利于干物质在下部叶中的分配,B2处理有利于干物质在中部叶中的分配。综合分析认为B4为最佳处理。     

干旱胁迫和施肥对巨能草生物量及 C、N、P积累与分配的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫和施肥对巨能草生物量及C、N、P积累与分配的影响,为巨能草栽培中的水肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】以巨能草为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,利用控水、控肥的试验方法,设计干旱(田间持水量的25%)和正常水分(田间持水量的75%)2个水分梯度以及低肥(复合肥施肥量为2g/盆)、中肥(复合肥施肥量为4g/盆)、高肥(复合肥施肥量为8g/盆)3个养分水平,进行完全随机组合试验,共计6个处理,研究不同处理下巨能草生物量及其分配比例,C、N、P积累与分配特征,N、P吸收和利用效率,以及C∶N、C∶P、N∶P的变化。【结果】在正常水分条件下,随着施肥量的增加,巨能草的地上、地下生物量和总生物量都显著增加;干旱胁迫后,巨能草地上和地下生物量的积累显著降低,施肥对巨能草的地上、地下生物量和总生物量也有显著影响。在正常水分条件下,施肥对巨能草地上和地下生物量的分配比例没有显著影响;在干旱条件下,除低肥处理外,中施肥量和高施肥量均能显著提高巨能草地下生物量的分配比例。施肥和干旱胁迫处理对C、N、P积累量及分配比例也有一定的影响,与正常水分条件相比,干旱胁迫后巨能草的C、N、P积累总量均降低。在正常水分条件下,尽管低肥处理的N、P吸收效率显著低于中、高肥处理,但其N、P利用效率却显著高于中、高肥处理;干旱条件下,不同施肥处理的N、P吸收效率和P利用效率并无显著差异,但N的利用效率随着施肥量的增加而降低。正常水分条件下,施肥处理对地上部分的C∶P、N∶P无显著影响,但高肥处理显著降低了地下部分的N∶P,中、高肥处理显著降低了地上部分的C∶N和地下部分的C∶P;干旱条件下,施肥处理对地上和地下部分的C∶P及N∶P的影响都不显著,但高肥处理显著降低了地上和地下部分的C∶N。【结论】干旱胁迫处理减少了巨能草的生物量及其对C、N、P的积累,影响了C、N、P的分配,施肥在一定程度上降低了干旱胁迫对植物生长的影响,在巨能草的施肥管理中,应更多地注重对N素的管理。