双自由度多铰接仿形免耕精量播种单体设计与试验

针对2BMFJ系列原茬地免耕覆秸播种机播后镇压效果和播种深度一致性不理想的问题,设计了双自由度多铰接仿形免耕精量播种单体,应用保守系拉格朗日方程建立了种沟深度数学模型,初步确定了影响种沟深度的关键结构与工作参数。采用四因素五水平二次回归正交旋转中心组合试验方法,选取弹簧初始增量、初始牵引角、弹簧刚度、机具作业速度为影响因素,开沟深度合格率、土壤坚实度合格率和开沟深度变异系数为性能评价指标,得到影响开沟深度合格率各因素由大到小顺序为:弹簧刚度、机具作业速度、弹簧初始增量、初始牵引角,影响土壤坚实度合格率各因素由大到小顺序为:弹簧刚度、机具作业速度、初始牵引角、弹簧初始增量,影响开沟深度变异系数各因素由大到小顺序为:初始牵引角、机具作业速度、弹簧刚度、弹簧初始增量。对试验数据进行优化处理,结果表明,在初始牵引角0°、弹簧刚度10 N/mm条件下,弹簧初始增量15～19. 5 mm、机具作业速度6. 7～7. 8 km/h范围内,开沟深度合格率大于95%,土壤坚实度合格率大于95%,开沟深度变异系数小于10%。     

小麦精量播种机排种高精度检测系统设计与试验

为实现小麦精量播种机播种量的精准检测,基于电容传感器设计了一套高精度小麦种子粒数检测系统。研究了小麦种子以单粒形式下落和多粒同时下落两种方式下的电容与小麦种子数目之间的关系。对于小麦种子以单粒形式下落,提出用差分动态阈值法检测小麦种子数目,试验表明检测的最大相对误差为1. 54%;对于多粒小麦种子同时下落,排种轮转速从20 r/min到55 r/min,每增加5 r/min,分别建立小麦种子数目与电容积分值之间的最小二乘回归模型。试验结果表明,根据实际转速和速度最近原则选择相应的回归模型,该系统对不同的排种转速均具有较高的检测精度,相对误差介于-2. 16%～2. 23%之间。对于小麦精量播种机不同的排种模式或不同的排种速度,所设计的排种检测系统均有较高的检测精度。     

基于微分几何与EDEM的船型开畦沟装置触土曲面优化

针对长江中下游地区油菜种植时土壤黏重板结、含水率波动大、播种作业需开畦沟避免渍害的农艺要求,考虑开沟犁体的触土曲面复杂、难以通过高速数字化土槽及田间试验方法寻求其减阻设计方法和理论依据的问题,采用微分几何理论并结合EDEM仿真方法,开展了驱动圆盘犁对置组合式耕整机开畦沟装置主要触土曲面结构优化研究。通过对主要触土曲面(开畦沟前犁犁体曲面、船式开沟犁整形曲面)牵引阻力分析和曲面参数分析,确定了触土曲面主要结构参数范围。根据微分几何理论,分别建立了能量化描述不同导曲线类型(直线、抛物线、指数曲线)犁体曲面形状变化差异的微分内蕴几何量E、L、M表达式。阻力特性仿真试验结果表明:在作业速度为0. 9～1. 5 m/s、曲面结构参数一定时,导曲线为抛物线型的开畦沟前犁和船式开沟犁具有较好的减阻特性,其平均牵引阻力相比直线型犁体分别低15. 09%、16. 92%,相比指数线型犁体分别低32. 59%、31. 58%。触土曲面的内蕴几何量E、L、M可分别反映犁体阻力随速度的增长速率、犁体牵引阻力大小、犁体阻力随速度的波动程度。当设计犁体的导曲线形状使曲面内蕴几何量E的变化率较小、L为单调减函数、M的波动较小时,犁体具有较好的减阻性能。参数优化仿真试验表明:在作业速度为1. 2 m/s、抛物线型开畦沟前犁宽度为92 mm、船式开沟犁整形曲面最大元线角为66°时,开畦沟装置牵引阻力最小,为1 042. 52 N。田间试验表明:经参数优化的组合式船型开畦沟装置在作业速度为0. 9、1. 2、1. 5 m/s时测试的平均牵引阻力分别为956. 77、1 101. 33、1 564. 85 N,与仿真试验结果误差在7%以内,作业效果满足油菜播种开畦沟的农艺要求。     

无级变速器电子控制单元硬件在环仿真系统

设计了无级变速器电子控制单元硬件在环仿真系统,进行了无级变速器电子控制单元硬件在环仿真试验,并且对仿真测试及优化后的电子控制单元进行了实车试验验证.结果均表明,该系统能够对车辆集成模型与电子控制单元的控制算法进行实时验证及优化控制,为无级变速器电子控制单元开发提供了一个仿真测试平台.     

柴油机高压共轨系统喷油量和喷油规律测量方法概述

对目前几种常用的测量柴油机高压共轨系统喷油量和喷油规律的方法、原理和装置进行了介绍与分析。     

基于神经网络逆控制方法的水轮发电机组非线性控制器仿真研究

基于水轮发电机组刚性水击模型和神经网络逆系统控制方法,在分析励磁与导叶系统可逆性的基础上提出了一种新的水轮发电机组解耦控制器设计方法.理论分析和仿真结果表明该控制策略较好的解决了水轮发电机组控制时存在的多变量、非线性、强耦合问题;实现了系统的动态解耦控制,具有较好的适应性和鲁棒性,因此可有效增强输电系统的暂态稳定性.     

Tracking change in a human‐dominated landscape: developing conservation guidelines using freshwater fish

• 1. To conserve biodiversity in a human‐dominated landscape, a science‐based inventory and monitoring plan is needed that quantifies existing resources, isolates drivers that maintain natural communities, determines harmful stressors, and links ecological drivers and human stressors. A tactical approach is proposed for conservation planning using freshwater fish at the Cape Cod National Seashore.
• 2. Freshwater fish are well studied and occur across environmental gradients. The lentic systems at the national park are relatively pristine yet are enveloped by a region of high population density. Using fish community data, three steps were taken for tracking anthropogenic impacts in a human dominated landscape. First, fish and potential drivers were sampled intensively along a gradient to determine which fish metrics reflect natural communities and which abiotic and biotic factors structure them. Second, emerging and existing regional human threats were identified. Third, these human threats were linked to the potential drivers that maintain natural communities to identify the most informative metrics to monitor and track change.
• 3. Fish communities, water quality, habitat, and food resources were sampled concurrently in 18 ponds in 1999 and 2000. Three common fish species explained 98% of variation in numbers across systems. Based on ecological relationships, pH, depth, vegetation, prey, and community complexity were determined to maintain biodiversity of freshwater fish communities.
• 4. The primary human threats here included: development‐related, land‐use changes; non‐point source pollution; eutrophication from septic systems; and introduced species that are a byproduct of high human visitation. These are common threats in many rapidly urbanized areas and are likely to have relevance to many sites.
• 5. To track the impact of emerging threats to freshwater ponds related to increased human population, monitoring changes in water quality, vegetated habitat, fish diversity, and trophic interactions are recommended.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单位换算技术在水泵测试软件中的应用

水泵试验时,要采集诸多参数,并且根据这些参数计算出扬程、轴功率、NPSH等数值,不同国家这些参数采用的单位不同,企业必须能够按照客户要求的单位提供试验数据:并且有时客户要求得到水泵在特殊介质下进行试验得出的试验数据,同一台泵在每种介质下都做一遍试验不太现实,而且会提高企业的生产成本,提出将采集的数据进行单位换算,根据不同国家或者客户的特殊要求求出泵的试验数据,在实际应用中节省了试验成本,得到了企业的好评.     

Rapamycin promotes repair of neurovascular units after ischemic stroke

Neurovascular unit （NVU） is composed of neurons, endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, macrophages/microglia, smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, etc, and plays vital roles in maintenance of the normal brain tissue function and cellular homeostasis. Cerebral ischemia caused by stroke can harm various components of NVU. Repairing damaged NVU and maintaining its structural and functional integrity are an effective way to improve stroke treatment. Resent research has found that rapamycin not only enhances autophagy of neurons but also effectively repairs the injuried components of NVU , thereby reducing neural damage after stroke. In this paper, the mechanisms of rapamycin underlying the repair of injured NVU after ischemic stroke is reviewed to provide guidance for its application in the treatment of stroke.     

吉林省主要粮食作物生产风险评价

充分认识吉林省主要粮食作物生产面临的风险,为稳定粮食产量和保障国家粮食安全提供参考。以县级行政单元为研究对象,在运用直线滑动平均法对作物单产进行趋势模拟的基础上,运用非参数信息扩散模型对吉林省玉米、水稻和大豆3种主要粮食作物的生产风险进行了评估。结果表明:不同类型作物生产所面临的风险大小不同,单产损失风险从大到小依次为大豆、玉米、水稻;西北部地区县域的风险普遍较大,其次是东南角地区,而中部地区县域的风险相对较小;吉林省玉米、水稻和大豆3种作物单产损失率30%以上的概率较小。