Improving Pollination of Early Strawberry Crops

ABSTRACT

Our work on strawberry pollination started in 1996 because die top cultivar grown in France is ‘Gariguette’ and growers get good prices widi this cultivar very early in the season (March-April) as the quality of the product is well recognized. Crop management aimed at earliness (early covering, covering with a layer of non-woven fabric or under greenhouse polyethylene film, heating, etc.) induces the plant to flower under conditions unfavorable for pollination such as short days with low irradiation levels and temperatures around 8-10°C which hinder pollen formation. Such conditions often lead later on to problems in strawberry development and shape (large areas with unfertilized ovules, furrows, etc.). This is especially true for primary flowers, which should provide the largest strawberries. A preliminary study was first conducted to assess whether pollination was, indeed, a limiting factor for strawberry production in early crops and whether female reproductive structures also have played a role as well. When this work was completed and pollination was demonstrated as the main limiting factor for strawberry development from the first batch of flowers, the authors studied the different pollen vectors and quantified their action to determine their incidence in terms of production under “limiting” early cropping conditions.     

中国小麦条锈菌主要流行小种的寄生适合度

研究了中国条锈菌主要流行小种条中２２，２３，２５，２７，２８和２９号的相对寄生适合度。常温苗期试验以５个重要栽培品种为试材，测定了诸小种主要寄生适合度属性，主成分分析表明各寄生适合度属性中以产孢能力最重要，其次为侵染能力和孢子生活力，条中２６号和２９号寄生适合度较高，２５号和２８号较低。此外，还在低温（１０℃）条件下和成株期进行了补充测定。根据研究结果曾预测条中２９号将上升为优势小种并得到验证。     

寄生适合度测定方法间关系的研究--以马铃薯晚疫病为例

通过5种方法对5个马铃薯品种与2个毒力不同的晚疫病菌菌系间寄生适合度的测定,对寄生适合度测定方法间的关系进行了探讨.病害发展曲线下面积法(AUDPC)和病斑总面积增长曲线下面积法(AULAGC)间的相互转换公式为F (AUDPC)=(Sck/S)×F (AULAGC)(其中Sck和S分别表示感病对照组合中每小区叶片总面积和某组合中该品种每小区叶片总面积).百分率-r值法(I-r)与复合适合度指数法(CFI)之间的相互转换公式为F (CFI)=exp((F(I-r)-1)×r×lp)(r表示感病对照组合的寄生适合度值,lp为一个潜育期天数).在所用5种方法中,病害发展曲线下面积法、百分率-r值法和复合适合度指数法比较适合马铃薯晚疫病菌寄生适合度的测定.     

两种平腹小蜂的研究进展

平腹小蜂是一类优良的卵寄生蜂, 是寄生性天敌昆虫中已具有成熟的规模化繁殖技术和田间释放技术, 并成功应用于害虫防治的天敌昆虫之一, 在防治果树蝽类害虫方面效果显著?平腹小蜂的发育学?行为学?生态学?繁殖技术及田间应用技术的研究已有60多年历史, 近年来, 分子生物学和高通量测序手段的应用促进了对平腹小蜂的生理生化基础研究, 研究领域也开始拓宽?本文从分类学?生物学特性?人工繁殖?共生菌?滞育?寄生机制?毒液蛋白和味觉受体基因等方面, 对目前广泛应用于荔枝蝽和茶翅蝽防治的2种平腹小蜂, 麻纹蝽平腹小蜂Anastatus fulloi Sheng &Wang和日本平腹小蜂 Anastatus japonicus Ashmead近30年的研究进展进行归纳和总结, 并对今后的研究方向进行展望, 旨在为平腹小蜂的深入研究和应用技术研发提供参考?     

Gene expression profiling of Medicago truncatula roots in response to the parasitic plant Orobanche crenata

Orobanche crenata is a root parasitic weed that is a major constraint for grain and forage legume cultivation in Mediterranean and West Asia. Only moderate to low levels of incomplete resistance of complex inheritance has been identified so far in legume crops, which has hampered genetic and genomic analysis. In the present study, we provide a gene expression profile of roots of the model legume Medicago truncatula in response to infection by O. crenata . M. truncatula accessions SA27774 (complete resistance acting at early penetration stages) and SA4087 (incomplete late acting resistance mediated by necrosis of parasite tubercle) were inoculated with O. crenata seeds in a semi-sterile dish system. Roots were harvested at 15 (first contacts of the parasitism structures with the host roots), 21 (initial stage of parasite tubercle formation on SA4087) and 35 (prior necrosis of well-developed parasite tubercle of on SA4087) days post-inoculation. Array hybridisations revealed several hundred genes up-regulated in response to O. crenata infection. Gene expression patterns suggest that resistance mechanisms activated in both genotypes are temporally and spatially different and resemble those associated with plant resistance to microbial pathogens. Regulated genes identified here represent a comprehensive resource that can be used as a support to breeding strategies for resistance.     

Parasitic weeds of the Orobanchaceae family and their natural hosts in Jordan

A field survey of the Orobanchaceae family members and their hosts in Jordan was carried out from 2003 to 2007. The intensity of parasite infection on different hosts and the severity of the infestation were evaluated. The results showed the presence of seven species of Orobanche and three species of Cistanche . The Orobanche species were found parasitizing 86 plant species belonging to 24 botanical families. Most of the species attacked by Orobanche were from the Compositae (20 species), Solanaceae (11 species), Leguminosae (nine species), Umbelliferae (seven species), Cruciferae (seven species), Cucurbitaceae (four species), Labiatae (four species), and Rosaceae (four species) families. Other families were represented by one-to-three species. Cistanche attacked 20 species of forage wild shrubs, fruit trees, and forest trees of seven families, mostly belonging to the Chenopodiaceae (seven species) and Leguminosae (three species) families. Previously unreported hosts for both genera include: Amygdalus communis , Olea europaea , and Quercus coccifera , which were parasitized by Orobanche palaestina ; A. communis , O. europaea , Prunus armeniaca , and Prunus persica , which were parasitzed by Orobanche cernua ; O. europaea and A. communis , which were parasitzed by Orobanche schultzii ; Haloxylon persicum , which was parasitzed by Cistanche lutea ; Punica granatum , Alhagi maurorum , Casuarina equisetifolia , Centaurea postii , and Prosopis farcta , which were parasitzed by Cistanche tubulosa ; and Achillea spp., Anabasis syriaca , H. persicum , Haloxylon salicornicum, Suaeda spp., and Zilla spinosa , which were parasitzed by Cistanche salsa . Certain Orobanche species were completely destructive to the cultivated crops. The results indicated the high potential of both parasitic genera to spread and to attack new hosts, while the threat they impose to agriculture in Jordan will probably result from poor management and deficiences in farmers' training.     

湖南栗瘿蜂的寄生蜂种类及保护利用措施

在湖南板栗瘿蜂Dryocosmus kuriphilus(Yasumatus)和麻栎瘿蜂Andricus sp．中共采集到寄生蜂14种。将其中比较重要的8种进行了形态描述,并附采集时间、地点和寄主。同时根据湖南具体情况对如何保护利用这些寄生蜂提出了4点措施。     

新疆特殊农田生态赤眼蜂田间自然扩散的初步研究

在新疆棉花、加工番茄等特殊农田生态环境和种植模式下,螟黄赤眼蜂(Trichogramma chilonis)在田间自然扩散呈现随距离延长、寄生卵量递减的趋势,螟黄赤眼蜂在棉田、玉米田和加工番茄田扩散有效距离为8～10 m,最远扩散15 m,田间温湿度和风向等环境条件对螟黄赤眼蜂田间扩散和寄生影响作用明显,田间温度偏高和相对湿度偏低不利于螟黄赤眼蜂的寄生,下风口螟黄赤眼蜂寄生率明显高于上风口.     

索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的寄生动态及其防控效果

为明确田间水稻白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)的主要寄生性天敌索线虫科线虫的寄生动态及防控效果,于2013—2015年在湖南省长沙市宁乡市通过田间调查和线虫罩笼法研究了索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的寄生动态以及优势种长沙多索线虫Agamermis changshaensis Bao,Luo et Luo对褐飞虱的防控效果。结果表明,在长沙市,索线虫科线虫寄生白背飞虱始见期为6月底至7月初,1个月后出现高峰期,基本与白背飞虱发生高峰期同步;对褐飞虱寄生高峰期早稻多发生在7月中下旬,而晚稻在8月底至9月中旬。索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱雌虫、高龄若虫和雄虫最高寄生率分别为16.95%、14.81%和7.69%;而对褐飞虱雌虫、高龄若虫和雄虫最高寄生率分别为43.33%、20.93%和11.63%。2014年和2015年罩笼盆栽试验结果表明,处理后45 d长沙多索线虫对褐飞虱的防控效果分别为36.11%和33.19%。研究结果表明长沙多索线虫可以作为水稻稻飞虱绿色防控的一种重要辅助性措施。     

寄生蜂在不同农业景观生境中的多样性

以福建武夷山的农业景观为背景,于2007年8月-10月在稻田、田埂和毗邻杂草地对寄生蜂进行系统调查和鉴定．结果表明：稻田中有86种寄生蜂,隶属16科;田埂中有113种寄生蜂,隶属18科;毗邻杂草地中有152种寄生蜂,隶属17科．分别采用Rarefaction曲线和多样性三维度量对稻田、田埂及其毗邻杂草地寄生蜂物种多样性进行比较研究．结果表明：田埂和稻田周围杂草地寄生蜂群落的物种丰度、多样性、优势集中度指数均比稻田高,而均匀性指数比稻田低．