大鹅观草的染色体组组成

以大鹅观草（ＲｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａｇｒａｎｄｉｓＫｅｎｇｅｔ．Ｓ．Ｌ．Ｃｈｅｎ）与竖立鹅观草（Ｒ．ｃｉｌｉａｒｉｓｖａｒ．ｊａｐｏｎｅｎｓｉｓ（ｈｏｎｄａ）Ｂ．Ｒ．Ｌｕ，Ｙｅｎｅｔ．ｙａｎｇ２ｎ＝２８，ＳＳＹＹ）犬草（Ｅｌｙｍｕｓｃａｎｉｎｕｓ（Ｌ．）Ｌ，２ｎ＝２８，ＳＳＨＨ）拟鹅观草（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｒｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａｓｐｉｃａｔａ（Ｐｕｒｓｈ）Ａ．ｌｏｖｅ，２ｎ＝２８，ＳＳＳＳ）三个种进行杂交，对亲本     

Meiotic chromosome configurations in triploid and heteroploid mosaic males of Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea ariakensis

Reversion from triploids to diploids or heteroploid mosaics may make the revertants recover reproductive ability and lose their aquacultural advantages. Meiotic chromosomes in triploids and mosaics of Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea ariakensis were studied. Pachytene spermatocytes showed incomplete trivalent formation, varying 64–72% in C. gigas and 62–69% in C. ariakensis. At metaphase I, trivalents, bivalents and univalents occurred in various combinations. Trivalents occurred in all spermatocytes, ranged 6–10 per spermatocyte and averaged 8.53–8.97 in C. gigas and 8.49–8.95 in C. ariakensis. Univalents and bivalents appeared in 59.2–72.1% of the spermatocytes in C. gigas, and ranged 0.77–1.39 and 1.01–1.51 per spermatocyte respectively. In C. ariakensis, they occurred in 57.5–81% of the spermatocytes, and ranged 0.9–1.32 and 1.03–1.35 respectively. The most common trivalent was formed by a bivalent with the third chromosome attaching to its side to form ‘long‐tail‐cross’ or ‘t’ or ‘frying‐pan’‐shaped configurations that constituted 65.7% and 59.9% of the trivalents in C. gigas and C. ariakensis respectively. Other kinds of trivalent associations included tandem chains (14.7%, 16.5%), closed circles or triangles (5.3%, 9.8%), convergent ‘T’ or ‘Y’ (5.8%, 7.4%) and unclassified configurations (8.5%, 6.4%). Diploid spermatocytes were not observed from mosaics, although they showed considerable proportions of ‘diploid’ cells in their gills.     

硬秆仲彬草杂种后代减数分裂的观察

硬秆仲彬草〔Ｋｅｎｇｙｉｌｉａｒｉｇｉｄｕｌａ（ｋｅｎｇ）Ｊ．Ｌ．Ｙａｎｇ,ＹｅｎｅｔＢａｕｍ〕是分布于我国西部的一种多年生六倍体植物。将其与犬草〔Ｅｌｙｍｕｓｃａｎｉｎｕｓ（Ｌ．）Ｌ．,２ｎ＝２８,ＳＳＨＨ〕、鹅观草（ＲｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａｋａｍｏｊｉＯｈｗｉ,２ｎ＝４２,ＳＳＨＨＹＹ）、糙毛仲彬草〔Ｋ．ｈｉｒｓｕｔａ（Ｋｅｎｇ）Ｊ．Ｌ．Ｙａｎｇ,ＹｅｎｅｔＢａｕｍ,２ｎ＝４２,ＰＰＳＳＹＹ〕３个种进行了杂交,对亲本及杂种Ｆ１代花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对行为进行了观察。减数分裂平均构型分别为：Ｅ．ｃａｎｉｎｕｓ×Ｋ．ｒｉｇｉｄｕｌａ２４．０８Ⅰ＋５．２８Ⅱ＋０．１２Ⅲ;Ｒ．ｋａｍｏｊｉ×Ｋ．ｒｉｇｉｄｕｌａ１７．２２Ⅰ＋１１．８１Ⅱ＋０．２８Ⅲ＋０．０８Ⅳ;Ｋ．ｒｉｇｉｄｕｌａ×Ｋ．ｈｉｒｓｕｔａ４．３２Ⅰ＋１７．４５Ⅱ＋０．５８Ⅲ＋０．２１Ⅳ＋０．０４Ⅴ。根据以上结果,结合种的形态特征,硬秆仲彬草从鹅观草属（ＲｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａＣ．Ｋｏｃｈ）拟冰草组（ＰａｒａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎＫｅｎｇ）中组合到仲彬草属（ＫｅｎｇｙｉｌｉａＹｅｎｅｔＹａｎｇ）是正确的。     

拟鹅观草属与鹅观草属和披碱草属属间及种间杂种的细胞学研究

为探讨在二倍体拟鹅观草属物种中St基因组的分化及其系统关系,本试验通过对3个二倍体拟鹅观草的种间杂种及黎巴嫩拟鹅观草和托瑞拟鹅观草与4个四倍体鹅观草属物种(StY)和3个披碱草属(StH,StYW)物种的属间杂种F₁花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I染色体配对行为及繁育特性进行分析。结果表明,1)中东的拟鹅观草二倍体物种(黎巴嫩拟鹅观草和托瑞拟鹅观草)中St染色体组与来自北美的物种(穗状拟鹅观草)可能存在差异;2)St染色体组在鹅观草属物种中(StY)和在披碱草属物种中(StH,StYW)均存在一定程度的变异,具有一定程度的分化;3)St染色体组与Y染色体组具有一定程度的同源性,亲缘关系较近,而与H染色体组的关系较远。     

美国杏李人工授粉试验初报

美国杏李中一些品种自花授粉不结实,必须配置授粉树或进行人工辅助授粉。授粉方法,用2.5kg蔗糖 0.15kg硼砂 20g花粉 50kg水配成溶液喷雾。各授粉品种组合、授粉效果从优到劣的排列顺序为:风味皇后♀×恐龙蛋♂、风味皇后♀×味厚♂、风味皇后♀×味王♂。     

栽培稻与药用野生稻杂种后代的形态学和细胞遗传学研究

 选用两个抗褐飞虱的药用野生稻编号材料与两个感虫栽培品种杂交，通过胚培养获得了F₁、BC₁F₁和F₂植株。F₁杂种表现出野生亲本紫色柱头、长芒及抗褐飞虱等特性，其花粉母细胞中期I染色体多为单价体(仅0.77个二价体)，甚至不能形成花药，因而表现雄性不育，仅获得一株F₂，染色体数目为2n=46。用栽培稻回交获得BC₁F₁植株为异源三倍体，中期I染色体构型为12.25Ⅰ+11.85Ⅱ+0.01Ⅲ。     

The genomes of Arachis hypogaea. 1. Cytogenetic studies of putative genome donors

Summary Cytological studies of wild diploid Arachis species in the same section of the genus (sect. Arachis) as the cultivated peanut A. hypogaea L. show, with one exception, a karyotype characterized by the presence of 9 pairs of larger chromosomes and one pair of small (A) chromosomes. The exceptional species A. batozocoi Krap. et Greg. has a more uniform karyotype. Interspecific hybrids between diploid species of similar karyotype have moderate to high pollen stainability, those involving A. batizocoi have zero pollen stainability and a very irregular PMC meiosis. Such infertile hybrids are the most likely to produce fertile, stable amphidiploids on doubling the chromosome complement. It is suggested that the cultivated peanut could have originated from such a sterile interspecific hybrid and on morphological and phytogeographic grounds the most likely genome donors are A. cardenasii (nomen nudum) and A. batizocoi of the species within section Arachis, which have been collected up to the present time.Paper number 5560 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, NC 27650     

福氏刺尻鱼性逆转的配对诱导及组织学观察

本研究通过人工配对方式对福氏刺尻鱼的性逆转进行了诱导,并从形态学和组织学层面对其性逆转过程和性腺发育进行了研究。结果表明,福氏刺尻鱼的性腺分为纯雌鱼卵巢、纯雄鱼精巢和雌雄（♀/♂）兼性期性腺3种类型。性腺均先分化为卵巢;性逆转发生于第II期卵巢阶段,通过1大1小配对诱导1~2周时,大个体雌鱼第II期卵巢停止发育并逐渐萎缩,在卵巢壁和产卵板上逐渐分化出雄性生殖细胞,性腺内雌雄生殖细胞共存,形成兼性期性腺,即为雌雄同体阶段;配对诱导3周后,兼性期性腺完全分化为早期精巢,完成性逆转,个体成为功能性雄鱼;配对诱导4周后,性逆转的雄鱼精巢和小个体雌鱼的卵巢发育成熟,开始排精产卵。本文还分析了福氏刺尻体长、体重与性逆转的关系,并对性逆转过程、特点及可能的诱导机制进行了探讨。研究结果可为开展福氏刺尻鱼人工繁育和性别控制技术研究提供理论指导,也为揭示其性腺发育及性逆转机制奠定了基础。     

Cytogenetic studies in hexaploid Helianthus species and their F1 hybrids with cultivated sunflower, H. annum

Hexaploid sunflower species provide potential sources of desirable genes in breeding for resistance to pathogens as well as high protein and oleic acid content. The possibility of using them in sunflower breeding was studied by testing the crossability of hexaploid species to cultivated sunflower, by the analysis of meiosis and pollen viability in the F₁ interspecific hybrids. The hybrids were obtained from 16 combinations, with 1–18 F₁ plants per combination. The F₁ hybrids in general exhibited the dominant phenotype of the wild species. Sterility ranged from 0 to 87.5% per F₁ combination, while pollen viability ranged from 43.0 to 70.2%. Meiosis was almost normal in the species analysed but irregular in the F₁ hybrids. Most of the meiocytes showed predominantly bivalents (86.79–90.22%), but univalents (0.00–4.99%) and the multivalents (8.23–10.09%) occurred as well. At anaphase I, chromosome bridges were detected in 6.88–8.48% of meiocytes. Fast chromosomes in meta-phase I and lagging chromosomes in anaphase I and telophase II were observed in many meiocytes.     

紫菜丝状体阶段核分裂特征观察

对条斑紫菜和坛紫菜的果孢子、丝状体以及壳孢子的核分裂进行了细胞学观察。结果表明,两种紫菜染色体数分别是3和5,从果孢子萌发到壳孢子萌发阶段为二倍体核,核分裂都具同源染色体配对特征。在果孢子萌发和营养藻丝、孢子囊枝和壳孢子囊细胞分裂中,分裂前期末同源染色体紧密配对聚合,进入中期染色体在赤道面上排列,同源染色体仍一一对应,后期染色单体分离。在壳孢子萌发的核分裂中,前期同源染色体配对更加紧密,中期过程出现联会染色体分离的特征,后期同源染色体分离,显示减数分裂特点。本文还讨论了有丝分裂同源染色体配对现象对观察研究紫菜二倍体细胞核分裂的影响。