有机无机肥配施对晚稻产量和杂草群落的影响

为探究不同施肥措施对晚稻产量和杂草群落的影响,以1982年布置的双季稻红壤稻田长期施肥定位试验为对象,于2011年采用田间调查法研究了在以无机肥(化肥NPK)与有机肥(M)氮磷钾养分等量条件下,长期施用有机肥、无机化肥和有机无机肥配施模式下晚稻生长发育、晚稻产量及稻田杂草群落变化。结果表明,施肥能促进晚稻生长发育,显著提高晚稻产量,配施效果优于单施,以有机无机均衡配施(NPKM)效果最佳,且其晚稻产量平均高出其他配施处理17.6%;在施用有机肥的基础上,要使红壤稻田晚稻增产,需优先考虑施用氮肥,其次依次是磷肥和钾肥。施肥处理中,单施化肥最能促进晚稻杂草生物量增加,且其杂草生物量平均高出其他施肥处理32.5%,其次是配施处理中的缺磷处理(NKM);单施有机肥最能提高晚稻杂草密度,有机无机均衡配施最能降低杂草密度,且其3个取样期杂草总密度平均低于其他施肥处理34.6%,尤其能遏制狗牙根等恶性杂草生长。氮磷钾养分较均衡的处理(M、NPK、NPKM)的晚稻杂草群落多样性、均匀度和优势度随着晚稻生长发育先升后降,其他处理(PKM、NKM、NPM)大致呈增加趋势,NPK的降幅最大,其成熟期杂草群落多样性、均匀度、优势度比始分蘖期分别降低了7.0%、17.8%、8.1%。晚稻产量与晚稻不同生育期杂草生物量均呈非显著负相关。本研究对红壤双季稻田通过施肥提高晚稻产量和调控晚稻季杂草生物量、群落密度、生物多样性具有重要意义。     

长期施肥对水稻根系有机酸分泌和土壤有机碳组分的影响

本研究以江西省红壤研究所水稻土长期定位试验田(始于1981年)为对象,分析了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、有机无机配施(NPKM)3种施肥措施对水稻根系有机酸分泌速率及土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明:NPK和NPKM处理水稻根系分泌有机酸总量均显著高于CK处理(P0.05,下同),其中NPKM处理最高,提高了54.78%;相对于CK处理,NPK处理水稻根系酒石酸分泌速率显著增加,提高了82.63%,NPKM处理的草酸与苹果酸分泌速率显著增加,分别增加了69.93%、110.98%,而NPK和NPKM处理的柠檬酸分泌速率分别降低了36.57%与40.57%。与CK处理相比,NPKM处理土壤有机碳、颗粒有机碳、微生物生物量碳与可溶性有机碳均显著增加,而NPK处理却无显著变化;可溶性有机碳结构的进一步分析表明,NPKM处理促进了可溶性有机碳中类胡敏酸和类富里酸物质的累积,在可溶性有机碳中所占比例分别为31%、44%,NPK处理可溶性有机碳结构无明显变化;CK和NPK处理中可溶性有机碳的有机物来源主要是植物与微生物的混合源,而NPKM处理主要是微生物代谢所分泌的产物。     

有机物料对白土土壤胡敏酸结构特征的影响

【目的】研究有机物料施入对白土土壤的腐殖质含量组成和胡敏酸(HA)结构特征的影响,为明确不同腐殖质组分对土壤肥力的影响提供理论依据。【方法】供试土壤为江苏省溧阳市南渡镇"白土改良大田示范试验核心区"的南方中低产水稻土(白土)。试验设秸秆还田(ST)、施有机肥(OM)和对照(CK,不施有机物)3个处理,培肥3年。同时采集试验田周围相邻的江苏省耕地质量监测点(2007~2013年)的每年施化肥(LAF)和长期不施肥(NF)的两种处理土壤进行比对研究。分别测定土壤的基本理化性质及其腐殖质含量的组成,并提取土壤胡敏酸(HA)固体样品利用红外光谱和元素分析来进行结构表征。【结果】秸秆还田和施有机肥处理的有机碳、全氮含量明显高于对照;与对照相比,施有机物料土壤HA的E4/E6比值增加,且秸秆还田施有机肥对照。红外光谱显示,试验区域和耕地监测点的不同处理土壤HA均在1650 cm-1处(酰胺I带)和1550 cm-1处(1500~1580 cm-1酰胺II带伸缩振动)有特征吸收。施有机肥和秸秆还田处理土壤HA的2920/1720、2920/1650比值显著大于对照。在元素组成上,OM、ST处理的土壤腐殖质(HA)中C、H、N的含量比均高于CK,相对长期施化肥(LAF)和不施肥(NF)的土壤有明显提高,而氧元素的含量呈降低的趋势;OM和ST处理土壤HA的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]原子数比均低于CK;与LAF和NF处理相比,试验区域各处理土壤腐殖质的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]原子数比均有明显降低。【结论】有机物料施入土壤后可增加土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤理化性质,提高作物产量和品质,且施入土壤的有机物料可转化为新的腐殖质,降低土壤的腐殖化程度。土壤腐殖质(HA)的红外光谱分析说明,白土土壤HA具有明显的酰胺类化合物特征。有机物料施入后使得土壤脂族性增强,羧基量减少,芳香度降低;秸秆还田和施有机肥处理与对照相比,土壤HA的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]比均有下降的趋势,且HA的氮素含量明显增加,这显示有机物料施入后白土土壤腐殖质发生"脱水"过程,同时也反映了白土土壤腐殖质形成的特征。     

稻草还田免耕抛秧对水稻土剖面形态特征的影响

为探讨免耕抛秧栽培对土壤剖面形态特征的影响,分别对连续2年和7年结合稻草还田的常耕和免耕试验的土壤剖面进行了研究。结果表明,常耕对土壤剖面形态特征影响不明显。免耕改变了耕作层亚层的剖面形态特征,且表层土壤疏松和pH值变小;水稻根系向土壤表层集中和裂隙出现部位增高。普通免耕形成的耕作层构型是Aa1-Aa2-Aa3,疏松表层较薄、亚表层有变坚实的趋势。稻草还田免耕形成的耕作层构型是O-Aa1-Aa2-Aa3,鳝血斑的数量增加、土壤颜色加深、疏松和体积质量降低。以稻草还田免耕抛秧形成的土壤剖面协调土壤肥力效果最好。     

长期施肥和秸秆还田对红壤水稻土氮素分布和矿化特性的影响

为明确长期施肥和秸秆还田对稻田土壤生态系统氮素循环过程的影响,探索维持稻田土壤长期供氮潜力的途径,利用始于1990年的湖南红壤水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥和秸秆还田对水稻土剖面氮素迁移分布和C/N的影响,比较了不同温度下土壤氮素矿化曲线变化和不同施肥方式氮素矿化动态差异,分析了氮素累积矿化量与有效积温的关系。结果表明,长期施肥或秸秆可以促进红壤水稻土氮素的积累,其主要影响020cm土层,而化肥和秸秆配合施用作用更明显;长期施NPK化肥使土壤C/N降低,而秸秆还田使土壤C/N明显升高。在两种温度下的土壤矿质氮含量和累积矿化量曲线比较相似,10℃下土壤矿化速率达到稳定所需的时间要比30℃下长;30℃下不同施肥处理之间的矿化过程存在显著差异,而10℃下的差异较小,其在56d内矿化出来的矿质氮是10℃下的近两倍。化肥NP（仅施化肥NP）及NP+C（施化肥NP+秸秆还田）处理均有较高氮素矿化量,秸秆还田对土壤氮素矿化的促进作用比仅施化肥明显。在30℃下,土壤积累矿化量与有效积温的关系较好地符合有效积温方程式（EATM）（p0.01）。仅施化肥处理和对照方程中的K值相差不大,而秸秆还田与化肥配施处理方程的K值则有增大趋势,NPK+C（施化肥NPK+秸秆还田）处理的矿化潜力较大,且养分供应能力较强;秸秆配施化肥处理方程中n值的绝对值有减小趋势。随着培养时间延长,秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤的累积矿化量保持在一个较稳定范围。     

四川盆地西部漂洗土壤区水体铁元素的分布特征

铁是水质监测的重要指标。为了弄清四川盆地西部漂洗土壤区不同水环境中铁的形态和含量、浅层潜水的季节动态及其形成原因,为该区土、水资源合理利用提供一定参考,于不同时期在四川省名山县漂洗土壤区采集潜水、池塘水、稻田和茶园沟渠地表水、土壤孔隙水及相应的土壤样品,分析了其铁的形态和含量及相应的理化性质。结果表明,从潜水和土壤孔隙水来看,潜水总铁和亚铁含量（分别为0.30、0.08mg·L^-1）均为最低,稻田孔隙水总铁和亚铁含量（分别为2.92、1.13mg·L^-1）均为最高,茶园孔隙水总铁和亚铁含量（3a生以下茶园分别为1.25、0.92mg·L^-1,6a生以上茶园分别为2.66、0.65mg·L^-1）居中;就稻田和茶园的土壤孔隙水与沟渠地表水比较而言,孔隙水总铁和亚铁含量总体上高于沟渠地表水相应的总铁和亚铁含量;潜水总铁和亚铁含量分别变动在0~0.86mg·L^-1和0~0.36mg·L^-1之间,其季节动态在不同区域间存在一定差异,与其所处地形部位及地表径流条件、离居民房屋和畜禽圈舍远近、土壤pH、有机质和铁元素的形态和含量、土地利用方式及作物种植年限、天气状况及水井自身氧化还原电位等条件有关。     

长期不同施肥下太湖地区稻田净温室效应和温室气体排放强度的变化

利用田间观测和模型预测方法对太湖地区一个长期不同施肥处理的稻田生态系统进行了稻季温室气体排放观测和净温室气体排放强度分析。结果表明,不同施肥管理下,稻田土壤有机碳含量不同程度提高,有机无机肥料配施较单施化肥处理显著提高有机碳库储量,并且秸秆处理略高于猪粪处理。与不施肥处理相比,长期施用肥料显著提高了稻田生态系统CH4和CO2的排放量,有机肥料与化肥配施较单纯施用化学肥料下土壤碳（CO2和CH4）排放增加,但化肥配施秸秆与化肥配施猪粪下稻田生态系统CH4和CO2的排放没有显著差异。不同施肥处理下,稻田生态系统净温室效应表现为CFM≈CFS〉CF〉NF,但水稻生产的净温室气体排放强度并没有显著性差异。因此,在提高水稻产量的同时,有机无机配合施肥并没有提高净温室气体的排放强度。     

免耕稻田田面水磷素动态及其淋溶损失

以免耕和翻耕稻田为研究对象,通过大田试验与室内分析,研究了不同耕作方式下稻田田面水和渗漏水的淋溶损失及其对环境的影响。试验共设4个处理,分别是免耕＋不施肥（NT0）、翻耕＋不施肥（CT0）、免耕＋复合肥（NTC）和翻耕＋复合肥（CTC）。结果表明,施磷肥显著提高稻田田面水以及渗漏水各形态磷浓度。施磷肥2d后田面水总磷（TP）浓度、颗粒态磷（PP）浓度和溶解磷（DP）浓度即达到最大值,此后由于水中颗粒或表土对田面水磷素的固定,磷素的淋失,水稻生长吸收及前期的稻田排水和灌水稀释,1周后迅速降低并趋于稳定;渗漏水TP浓度和溶解磷（RP）浓度在施磷肥2d后达到最大值,渗漏水TP浓度在施肥后一个半月达到最低值,而渗漏水RP浓度在施肥4d后就降低到最低值。处理NTC田面水TP、DP与PP显著高于处理CTC,而处理NT0与处理CT0之间无差异;与翻耕相比,免耕不影响渗漏水TP与RP浓度及磷下渗淋失。对田面水磷素及渗漏水磷素变化动态分析表明,施磷肥后的1周左右是控制磷素流失的关键时期。     

Dynamics of dissolved oxygen (DO) in ponded water of a paddy field

The transfer of heat and dissolved oxygen (DO) through water is important to understand the phenomenon of ponded water in a paddy soil. The heat from solar radiation is absorbed at the soil surface and transferred into the ponded water by convection. This study clarified the dynamics of DO, as well as the role of convection in water in DO transfer in the ponded water of a paddy field. DO concentration in the ponded water of a paddy field was measured in situ in the daytime and during the night. The results were confirmed in lab-scale model experiments. The DO concentration and temperature profiles in the ponded water of a lab-scale paddy field model were investigated under convective and non-convective conditions using solar radiation and infrared radiation, respectively. Under the ponded condition, solar radiation was absorbed at the soil surface whereas infrared radiation was absorbed at the water surface and thereby convective and non-convective conditions were generated, respectively. The diurnal variation in DO concentration was closely related to the intensity of solar radiation. Oxygen generation by micro-algae and its subsequent circulation by convection resulted in uniform DO concentration profiles, with super-saturated values in the ponded water in the daytime. Eventually oxygen was released to the atmosphere by deaeration until DO in water was depleted to the saturated level. During the night the oxygen moved from the atmosphere into the water surface by reaeration which depends on the oxygen deficit related to saturation. The oxygen deficit is caused by the respiration of microorganisms. The oxygen, that moved from the atmosphere to the water surface, was transferred to the soil surface by convection in the water layer. Thus convection plays an important role in the DO transfer in the ponded water of a paddy field. The DO dynamics is correlated with biological processes in the ponded paddy soil.     

Nutrient leaching from the plow layer by water percolation and accumulation in the subsoil in an irrigated paddy field

To estimate the impact of water percolation on the nutrient status in paddy fields, the seasonal variations of the concentrations of cations, anions, inorganic carbon (IC), and of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in percolating water that was collected from just below the plow layer (PW-13) and from drainage pipes at the 40 em depth (PW-40), as well as in irrigation water were measured in an irrigated paddy field. Total amounts of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn leached from PW-13 during the period of rice cultivation were estimated to range from about 390 to 770, 65 to 130, 33 to 66, 340 to 680, and 44 to 87 kg ha^-1, respectively. Amounts of losses that were estimated from the differences between the input by irrigation water and the output by percolation water from the plow layer corresponded to 11 to 26, 22 to 47,5.9 to 12, and 13 to 26% of exchangeable Ca and Mg, amorphous Fe, and easily reducible Mn in the plow layer, respectively. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn in PW13 were higher than those in PW-40. The amounts of these nutrients that were retained in the subsoil between the 13 em and 40 em soil depth corresponded to 83, 86, 61, 99, and 89% of the amounts that percolated from the plow layer, respectively. Total amounts of IC and DOC that percolated from the plow layer ranged from 750 to 1,500 and 85 to 170 kg-C ha^-1, which corresponded to 5.0 to 10.0% and 0.6 to 1.1% of the total carbon content in the plow layer, respectively. Eighty eight % of IC in the percolating water from the plow layer was also retained in the subsoil.