两种超期贮存除草剂在水稻薄膜秧田的除草效果

 在室内阴凉、通风、干燥条件下,Saturn 50EC贮存5年、10年后,Sofit 300EC贮存5年后,在水稻薄膜秧田播种后盖膜前作土表处理(Saturn 50EC 2250ml/hm²,Sofit 300EC 1500ml/hm²,Sturn 50EC 1125ml/hm²+sofit 300EC 750ml/hm²),对稗(Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.)和牛毛草(Eleocharis acicularis(L.)R,Br.)的防除效果均在80%以上,并且对催芽稻种无不良影响.     

堆肥反应器中表面活性剂APG对牛粪堆肥酶活性的影响

利用堆肥反应器严格控制堆肥条件, 以牛粪为主要原料进行好氧堆肥, 在堆肥过程中加入表面活性剂烷基多糖苷(APG), 研究其对堆肥中微生物数量以及酶活性变化的影响。结果表明: 在好氧堆肥中添加表面活性剂APG对堆肥中的微生物无显著抑制作用, 微生物数量无显著变化(P>0.05); 但可以促进堆肥升温, 延长高温期。加入APG对堆肥中的过氧化氢酶活性几乎无影响, 最终APG处理和CK处理的酶活性值均达到1.17 mmol·g^-1左右; 加入APG后脲酶活性略有提高, 第2 d APG处理和CK处理的脲酶活性均达到峰值, 分别为32.15 mg(NH₃-N)·g^-1·24h^-1和30.17 mg(NH₃-N)·g^-1·24h^-1, 差异不显著(P>0.05), 第7 d达到最低值, 分别为0.81 mg(NH₃-N)·g^-1·24h^-1和0.38 mg(NH₃-N)·g^-1·24h^-1, 差异显著(P<0.05); APG处理对转化酶和纤维素酶活性均有明显的提高作用, 其中转化酶在第3 d加APG处理和CK处理峰值分别为18.15 mg(葡萄糖)·g^-1·24h^-1和11.77 mg(葡萄糖)·g^-1·24h^-1, 第21 d两处理峰值分别为24.09 mg(葡萄糖)·g^-1·24h^-1和20.71 mg(葡萄糖)·g^-1·24h^-1, 差异显著(P<0.05); 纤维素酶在第3 d加APG处理和CK处理峰值分别为58.77 mg·min^-1和30.62 mg·min^-1, 差异显著(P<0.05)。本试验结果表明, 添加表面活性剂APG可以提高堆肥中转化酶和纤维素酶活性, 促进堆肥中有机物质的转化, 一定程度上加快好氧堆肥进程。     

基于两级干燥工艺的玉米果穗太阳能集热通风干燥系统设计

利用中国西北充沛的光热及干燥空气资源,考虑节约热风的能源消耗等因素,设计了一套适用于玉米果穗和籽粒分两级干燥工艺的太阳能集热通风干燥系统,系统安装了可自卸平置式物料床,方便玉米果穗的干燥与卸载;控制系统可根据干燥仓内温度的变化实现对通风干燥系统的自动控制。试验表明,此系统可在短时间内将玉米果穗干燥,利用该太阳能集热通风干燥系统进行玉米果穗的两级干燥,干燥时间较一次干燥工艺缩短了18 h,平均降水速率每小时比玉米果穗一次干燥提高60.8%。该系统设计为我国育种干燥工艺及其相应设备的研究提供了参考。     

基因工程药物研究概况

对新发展起来的产业基因工程药物的研究作了简要的概述,通过对其发展历史及当前的几种药物的叙述,预测其发展前景。     

Comparison of useful terrestrial and aquatic plant species for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from domestic wastewater

To develop a low cost and energy-saving wastewater treatment technique in combination with resource recycling and amenity functions, we constructed a plant bed filter ditch in which useful terrestrial and aquatic plants can be utilized for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater. Screening studies were conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of 20 kinds of plant species which are economically important or exhibit on aesthetic value, including 13 terrestrial species, for domestic wastewater treatment. Artificial wastewater containing 20 mg L^-1 of Nand 3.3 mg L^-1 of P, was supplied to the ditch at the rate of about 1.41–2.08 g m^-2 d^-1 for N and 0.20–0.33 g m^-2 d^-1 for P. The experiments were performed in a glass house with windows opened from April to November. The ditches showing high Nand P removal rates were planted with plants which exhibited high biomass production rates. In the case of the papyrus ditch, Nand P removal rates exceeded 0.8 g m^-2 d^-1 for N and 0.15 g m^-2 d^-1 for P from late spring to autumn, in the case of the kenaf ditch and sorghum ditch, from summer to autumn and in the case of the Italian ryegrass ditch and barley ditch, in early spring. These findings indicated that efficient wastewater treatment can be performed consistently except in the winter season, by cultivating these plants in an appropriate combination in the ditches.     

基质施肥对高阿丁枫留床苗生长的影响

采用单因素设计进行基质施肥对高阿丁枫苗木生长的影响试验。结果表明:①施肥极显著地影响苗木密度、地径、苗高和侧枝萌发;②苗木密度随施肥量的增加呈递减趋势;③施肥量为0.0～3.0 kg/m2时,地径随施肥量的增加而增大,施肥量>3.0 kg/m2时,各处理间的地径无显著性差异;④0.0～7.0 kg/m2施肥范围内苗高随着施肥量的增大而增长,施肥量大于8.0 kg/m2时抑制苗高生长;⑤施肥量0.0～7.0 kg/m2时,侧枝数与施肥量正相关,施肥量>7.0 kg/m2时,侧枝发育受到抑制;⑥除密度与侧枝数间未达到显著相关外,其余指标两两间相关极显著,其中密度与苗高、地径呈负相关,而地径、苗高与侧枝数之间呈正相关。     

Distribution of PAHs in Phragmites australis in Sludge Drying Reed Bed

The transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from sewage sludge to Phragmites australis and the distribution of PAHs in Phragmites australis were investigated in a field experiment. Tested phragmites australis were planted in a sludge drying reed bed (SDRB) with the size of 3 m×1 m×1.3 m (0.65 m media layer and 0.65 m extra height). The experiment lasted three years including two years' sludge loading and one year's resting period. Totally 8.4 meters surplus activatied sludge with 99.14% of moisture content was feed into the SDRB during loading time, and raw sludge contained 5.69 mg/kg (DW) of total PAHs. Native Phragmites australis contain higher PAHs in the stems and leaves, averaged 2.198 and 2.583 mg/kg (DW) which are 2.44 and 2.87 times of that in the roots, respectively. The results showed that Phragmites australis accumulated PAHs from sludge obviously. Lower molecular weight PAHs are the dominant contents in which of Phragmites australis. According to the experimental results in September, October and November of the second year, the PAHs contents in the roots, stems and leaves of tested Phragmites australis have the trend of increasing with plant growing time; the total PAHs in the roots, stems and leaves are averaged 7.642, 7.713 and 7.946 mg/kg (DW) in November of the third year, which are 8.5, 3.52 and 3.08 times of that in native ones, and also lower molecular weight PAHs are dominant with the percentages of 55.14%, 56.96% and 44.59%, respectively. PAHs contents in Phragmites australis are observed to be significant positive relations with their coarse fat contents and have no relationship with lipid percentages.     

富营养化水体生物修复研究进展

近年来,大量含有氮、磷元素的营养物质排入河湖加剧了水质下降及水体富营养化进程,影响到水体的生态环境,控制水体富营养化成为当务之急;削减水体氮、磷负荷是消除富营养化、恢复生态系统的关键,在外源性营养物质减少后,对内源性营养物质的控制中,生物措施越来越受到重视。其中生态浮床技术最具经济和技术合理性,国内研究主要包括浮床植物的筛选、浮床的机理、浮床材料及应用等方面;微生物强化技术是利用微生物作为生态系统的分解者,通过脱氮菌、去磷菌、光合细菌、复合光合细菌、有效微生物群(EM)、溶藻菌等去除水体污染,由于传统微生物修复的限制,新型脱氮菌群、反硝化聚磷菌的筛选以及固定化技术、微生物制剂等的应用成为研究的新热点,今后生物修复富营养化水体更加侧重于植物—微生物的联合应用。     

Contribution and Purification Mechanism of Bio components to Pollutants Removal in an Integrated Ecological Floating Bed

The aquatic plant (Ipomoea aquatica), aquatic animal (filter feeding Hyriopsis cumingii), artificial medium for an integrated ecological floating bed (IEFB) were combined, and the contaminant removal rates contributed by different biological units were analyzed. It is shown that, the artificial medium (microorganism) unit acted as the main role of purification of IEFB with approximately 48.5%, 46.7%, and 49.9% of TN, TP and CODMn removed from the water, respectively, much higher than that of aquatic plant unit and aquatic animal unit. Furthermore, the contribution of aquatic animal unit for chlorophyll a removal was 79.1%, which means that the particulate organic matters filter fed by the Hyriopsis cumingii is the main contaminations removal way of aquatic unit. The filter feeding and ammonia emission effect of the Hyriopsis cumingii promotes the solubilization and mineralization of particulate organic matters, which provides advantaged substance condition for the microorganism attached to the artificial medium of IEFB, and resulting in promoting the purification efficiency of the floating bed.     

贯叶连翘愈伤组织和不定根培养的研究

为探索贯叶连翘愈伤组织和不定根反应器大量扩繁的最佳条件,以贯叶连翘种子为材料,对愈伤组织的诱导和增殖条件进行优化,并对不同培养条件下愈伤组织和不定根增殖生长情况进行调查。结果表明,愈伤组织在附加吲哚丁酸(IBA)4mg/L,激动素(KT)0.02mg/L和蔗糖30g/L的MS培养基中增殖效果佳。无论是愈伤组织还是不定根的增殖,反应器培养效果好于固体培养和振荡培养。在生物反应器内培养不定根的过程中,研究了培养基中pH值对不定根增殖生长和不定根中金丝桃素含量的影响,结果pH值为4.8～7.8时不定根生长不受pH值的影响,但金丝桃素的含量在pH值为4.8和5.8处理中显著高于pH值为6.8和7.8的处理,金丝桃素生产量也在pH值为4.8和5.8处理中较高(7.09和6.77mg/L)。说明利用反应器进行愈伤组织和不定根培养是短期内获得有效物质的有效方法之一。