Experiences with Rice Grown on Permanent Raised Beds: Effect of Crop Establishment Techniques on Water Use,Productivity, Profitability and Soil Physical Properties

In recent years, conventional rice production technologies have been leading to deterioration of soil health and declining farm profitability due to high inputs of water and labor. Conservation agriculture(CA) based resource-conserving technologies i.e. zero-tillage(ZT), raised-bed planting and direct-seeded rice(DSR) have shown promise as alternatives to conventional production technologies to overcome these problems. Present study was undertaken during 2009–2012 to establish an understanding of how permanent raised bed cropping system could be practiced to save water at the field application level to improve water productivity and also have the capability to enhance productivity, profitability and soil physical quality. The results showed that among different crop establishment techniques, conventional-tilled puddle transplanted rice(CT-TPR) required 14%-25% more water than other techniques. Compared with the CT-TPR system, zero till direct-seeded rice(ZT-DSR) consumed 6%–10% less water with almost equal system productivity and demonstrated higher water productivity. Wide raised beds saved about 15%–24% water and grain yield decrease of about 8%. Direct-seeded rice after ZT or reduced tillage or on unpuddled soil provided more net income than CT-TPR. The CTTPR system had higher bulk density and penetration resistance due to compaction caused by the repeated wet tillage in rice. The steady-state infiltration rate and soil aggregation( 0.25 mm) were higher under permanent beds and ZT and lower in the CT-TPR system. Under CT-TPR, soil aggregation was static across seasons, whereas it improved under no-till and permanent beds. Similarly, mean weight diameter of aggregates was higher under ZT and permanent beds and increased over time. The study reveals that to sustain the rice productivity, CA-based planting techniques can be more viable options. However, the long-term effects of these alternative technologies need to be studied under varying agro-ecologies in western Uttar Pradesh, India.     

Structure Design of Large-scale Sow House with Fermentation Bed

ln this research, the whole contact-type large-scale sow house with fer-mentation bed was designed. The planning area of the entire piggery was 5 700 m2 with workplace and green belts. The sow house was 93 m long and 33 m wide, a total of 3 069 m2, including office area of 60 m2 and aisle area of 107 m2. The fer-mentation bed had an area of 2 902 m2 with length of 88.7 m and width of 27.7 m. lts area accounted for 95% of the total area of sow house. The fermentation mattress had a depth of 80 cm, and had a volume of 2 321 m3, equivalent to 733 t of coconut chaff and rice chaff. On a large fermentation bed, the areas for boars, replacement gilts, pregnant sows, obstetric tables, nursery pigs, etc. were designed. The large-scale sow house with fermentation bed was equipped with the automatic feeding system, automatic sprinkler system, automatic positioning column for preg-nant sows, sows＇ obstetric table system, fanning wet curtain cooling system, video monitoring system, environmental monitoring （light, temperature, water, humidity, CO2, NH3） and automatic control system. Every farming area was equipped with feeding trough and water trough. The water though was fixed with overflow pipe for removing the extra water. The house could hold 500-head sows. Each sow occu-pied 4.9 m2 of the fermentation bed in average. The designed sow house had a maximum annual output of 10 000 piglets.     

金针菇菌糠发酵床对生态养猪效果的影响

[目的]解决发酵床垫料来源问题,降低发酵床制作成本。[方法]以金针菇菌糠代替部分锯末制作发酵床,研究发酵床垫料配比对其温度和生猪育肥性能的影响,并分析金针菇菌糠在发酵床养殖过程中的应用前景。[结果]金针菇菌糠发酵床不会影响发酵床的发酵效果及生猪的育肥性能,有效降低了发酵床的制作成本。菌糠发酵床的最佳配方为:锯末20%、菌糠60%、稻壳20%。[结论]菌糠发酵床不仅有效解决了食用菌菌糠的环境污染问题,还可以极大降低发酵床的制作成本,可应用于该地区的发酵床养猪生产中。     

施肥对核桃楸床播育苗的影响

[目的]研究施肥对核桃楸床播育苗的影响,达到培育优质壮苗的目的。[方法]研究不同施肥种类及施肥量对核桃楸苗木的茎干、根系生长等特性的影响。[结果]当施尿素15 g/m2+磷酸二氢钾15 g/m2时,苗木在苗高、地径、主根长、侧根数等指标均高于不施肥和其他施肥处理,有利于优质壮苗的培育。[结论]在生长季以施尿素15 g/m2+磷酸二氢钾15 g/m2或磷钾复合肥时,苗木的整体质量最优。     

秸秆生物反应堆对秋冬茬温室番茄生长特性的影响研究

通过温室内小区试验的方法,研究秸秆生物反应堆对秋冬茬温室番茄生长特性的影响,包括对植株形态、光合特性、品质、产量进行分析。结果表明：秸秆生物反应堆能够有效促进温室番茄植株生长,提高品质。应用秸秆生物反应堆的试验区,番茄的株高和茎粗较对照区平均分别提高8%和10%;番茄果实的蛋白质、可溶性糖、Vc、有机酸含量平均分别提高11%、17%、14%、12%;当土壤水分大于田间持水量的60%～70%时,有利于植株的净光合速率及有机质的形成;应用秸秆生物反应堆的小区,在滴灌条件下,若秋冬茬番茄土壤水分下限控制范围为苗期田间持水量60%～70%θ_f,开花着果期70%～80%θ_f,结果期70%～80%θ_f,能够达到高产、优质、高效的目的。     

转基因家畜生物反应器浅谈（续）

转基因家畜生物反应器浅谈（续）陈庄，魏平华（广东省农科院畜牧研究所广州５１０６４０）２转基因家畜生物反应器研究的进展目前，转基因动物研究有三大焦点：一是转基因方法研究；二是利用转基因动物来研究动物基因的表达调控机制；三是利用转基因动物生产非常规畜牧产...     

Assessment of criteria for improvement in Theileria orientalis sergenti infection tolerance

We examined the relationships between calf productivity, anemia and Theileria orientalis sergenti infection from records of 109 Japanese shorthorn calves during a grazing period and we quantified the relative importance of the T. orientalis sergenti infection‐resistance criteria used. A decrease in average parasitemia (AvePara) and an increase in average packed cell volume (AvePCV) would cause a decrease in the number of drug treatments. An increase in AvePCV would decrease the number of drug treatments more efficiently than a decrease in AvePara. An increase in AvePCV would cause an increase in dairy gain, while a decrease in AvePara would cause a decrease in dairy gain. Therefore, an improvement in the capacity to control anemia development would improve T. orientalis sergenti infection resistance more efficiently than an improvement in the capacity to control parasitemia development.     

草坪坪床对土壤的要求

通过对土壤理化性质及其生物组成的分析 ,对草坪坪床土壤提出了要求 ,并且提出了改良措施     

Analysing the Rockmass Permeation of a Low-medium Radioactive Waste Disposal Field

The fractures distribution and fracture rock mass permeation research is the premise condition that to study groundwater movement and pollutant migration in fracture rock mass in bed rock area, which includes the dominance orientation of fracture that groundwater fluxes in it, the brisk zone distribution of fracture water and the permeability calculation of rock mass. This paper mainly analyzes the fracture distribution and the dominance orientation of fracture and the permeability of a low-medium radioactive waste disposal field based on its rich geologic record. The following results are found through Statistical analysis and comparison calculation.The active zone of fractural water in bed rock is an active channel of active nucleus migration. Tthe headrace fracture of disposition have a dominant orientation. The penetrating coefficient tensor in bed rock fracture is also calculated.     

黄河下游引黄灌区渠道水利用系数估算方法

以山东簸箕李引黄灌区为例，根据3种实测方法得到的渠道渗漏水量损失观测数据，利用理论方法确定渠床渗透系数和地下水顶托修正系数。在对干渠以下各级渠道进行概化分类的基础上，采用回归分析方法建立灌区干渠以下各级渠道渗漏水量损失与流量间的相关关系，给出依据渠道流量估算渠道水利用系数的经验公式。由于该估算方法仅根据渠道流量即可获得相应的渠道水利用系数，故具有简便可行、实用性强的显著特点，为黄河下游灌区制定灌溉输配水计划提供了合理依据。