Effects of the 7DL.7Ag translocation from Lophopyrum elongatum on wheat yield and related morphophysiological traits under different environments

The 7DL.7Ag translocation from Lophopyrum elongatum that carries Lr19, a leaf rust resistance gene, was found to be associated with a significant increase in grain yield under irrigated, disease‐free conditions, but a generally lower yield under moisture stress conditions. These studies, however, involved a limited number of genetic recipients and environments, and the effect of the translocation on physiological traits was not considered. We examined the translocation effect in six different recipient genotypes and under five environmental conditions, including drought and heat stress. The increase in grain yield under irrigated conditions was associated with a higher rate of biomass production in the 7DL.7Ag lines and may be attributed to higher sink strength. Effect of the translocation on physiological traits was noted only under heat stress and was not associated with difference in yield. Under moisture stress conditions, 7DL.7Ag lines yielded less than their corresponding recipients, possibly because of a longer growing cycle. It is concluded that the effect of the 7DL. 7Ag translocation may very much depend on the phenological adaptation of the recipient genotype and the translocation may be useful for enhancing yield, mainly under favourable conditions.     

夏播大豆品种的生育期特性与农艺性状的关系分析

从 339个大豆品种中选取生育期小于 1 0 0d的 1 0 3个品种进行生育期结构特性与农艺性状的分析。结果表明 :①R1最长的为华北品种 ,最短的为外国品种 ;②R7最长的为东北品种 ,最短的为南方品种 ;③R1与生育前期即营养生长阶段 ,高纬地区长于低纬地区 ;R7与生育后期即生殖生长阶段 ,低纬地区长于高纬地区 ;④R1、生育前期长的品种 ,单株荚数、单株粒数多 ,株高较高 ;R7、生育后期长的品种 ,百粒重高 ;⑤筛选出一批对光温不敏感的品种     

Metabolism mediated interaction of α-asarone and Acorus calamus with CYP3A4 and CYP2D6

The present study was aimed to investigate the possible interaction of the standardized extract of Acorus calamus (AC) with Cytochrome P450 enzyme, quantitative determination of the α-asarone in the AC rhizome was performed by RP-HPLC method. In vitro interaction of the plant extract was evaluated by CYP450-carbon monoxide complex (CYP450-CO) assay. Effect on individual isoforms such as CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 isozymes were analyzed through fluorescence product formation and respective IC₅₀ values were determined. CYP450-CO assay showed moderate interaction potential. Extract showed higher IC₅₀ values (46.84 ± 1.83-32.99 ± 2.21 μg/ml) comparing to the standard inhibitors and lower IC₅₀ value than α-asarone (65.16 ± 2.37-42.15 ± 2.45 μg/ml).     

The combined effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and selenium on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and ultrastructure in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) treated in the field

The possible ameliorative effects of selenium (Se) addition to soil on the detrimental effects of enhanced UV-B radiation were tested on strawberry and barley during 4 months of field experiment in Kuopio, Central Finland. Control plants were exposed to ambient levels of UV radiation, using arrays of unenergized lamps. A control for UV-A radiation was also included in the experiment. Added Se, applied as H₂SeO₄, at the level of 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (low dosage) and 1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (high dosage) increased Se concentrations in plants more than 10 and 100 times, respectively. After 4 months of exposure, strawberry and barley plants were harvested for biomass analysis. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using the Hansatech FMS2 fluorescence monitoring system. Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure were observed by light and transmission electron microscope. Several effects of UV and Se as well as their interaction were found, mostly for strawberry, but not for barley, indicating species-specific responses. Our results provided evidence that the high Se concentration in soil had no ameliorative effect but increased the sensitivity of strawberry to enhanced UV-B radiation in the field. Under ambient radiation, Se did not alter leaf growth of strawberry, whereas under UV-B radiation, the high Se addition significantly decreased leaf growth. Strawberry runner biomass was affected by the interaction of Se and UV. Under ambient radiation Se did not change dry weight of runners, but in combination with UV-A or UV-B radiation the high Se dosage decreased dry weight of runners by about 30%. Although the high Se concentration positively influenced on quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in strawberry leaves, it reduced runner biomass, leaf number and ratio of starch to chloroplast area. This suggests that the harmful effects of the high Se dosage on photosynthetic processes occurred as a result of changes in activity or/and biosynthesis of enzymes, rather than alteration of PSII. At the low concentration, Se effects were slight and variable.Although barley leaves accumulated higher Se concentrations than strawberry, there were no apparent changes in their growth, biomass or chlorophyll fluorescence due to Se effect either alone or in combination with UV-B. However, at the ultrastructural level, an enlargement in the peroxisome area was found due to combination of UV radiation with Se, suggesting the activation of antioxidative enzymes, possibly catalase. Decrease in mitochondrial density in barley cells in response to Se might be attributed to alteration of mitochondrial division. Increase in the proportion of cells with cytoplasmic lipid bodies due to combined effect of UV-B and Se indicated the alteration of lipid metabolism and the acceleration of cell senescence in barley. Main UV-B effects were found, mostly at the tissue and ultrastructural level in strawberry, but not in barley, indicating species-specific susceptibility to enhanced UV-B radiation. UV-B-treated strawberry plants developed marginally thinner leaves with reduced ratio of starch to chloroplast area in their cells, suggesting negative influence of UV-B on photosynthetic processes.     

加工型甘薯良种龙岩7-3的选育及其加工利用

龙岩7—3自育成以来，至今还在全国各地大面积推广应用，表现出高产、稳产、适应性广和商品性好等特点。该品种在福建连城县甘薯种植1万多公顷中占80％，是龙岩连城县地瓜干最主要的原材料来源。文中介绍了其选育、特征特性及加工利用。     

The illusion of control: industrialized agriculture,nature, and food safety

I explore the role of nature in the agrifood system and how attempts to fit food production into a large-scale manufacturing model has lead to widespread outbreaks of food borne illness. I illustrate how industrial processing of leafy greens is related to the outbreak of E. coli 0157:H7 associated with spinach in the fall of 2006. I also use this example to show how industry attempts to create the illusion of control while failing to address weaknesses in current processing systems. The leafy greens industry has focused efforts on sterilizing the growing environment and adopting new technologies, while neglecting to change the concentrated structure of processing systems. Repeated breakdowns in these systems illustrate a widening fault line between attempted and failed control of nature in industrial food production.

新疆陆地棉胚状体发生高效再生体系的建立

对新疆两个陆地棉品种胚状体发生及植株再生研究的结果表明：胚状体发生、萌发、成苗各阶段，品种问存在明显差异。新陆早1号、新陆早7号正常植株率最高分别达657％，85．7％。在胚状体发生、发育不同阶段，激素的调控作用因品种而异。异常胚是转化为正常再生植株的有效途径，异胚转化率可达47．7％。移栽基质研究表明，移栽前期选用拉卡粒，中后期转入混合土：珍珠岩=1：1的移栽基质中再生植株生长最好，再生植株移栽成活率达81．0％。建立了两个品种的胚状体发生高效再生体系。     

大豆种子7S球蛋白变异系统的含硫氨基酸分析

本研究以大豆种子７Ｓ球蛋白变异系统的含硫氨基酸含量提高效果为目的，对４１个７Ｓ球蛋白变异系统的氨基酸、蛋白质含量进行分析。结果在４１个７Ｓ球蛋白变异系统中有、１３个系统的含硫氨基酸含量超过了联合国粮农组织制定的标准，占７Ｓ球蛋自变异系统的３１．７％。平均数显著性测验结果，７Ｓ球蛋白变异系统的含硫氨基酸、蛋氨酸、就氨酸含量都极显著高于正常品系，而其蛋白质含量没有显著差异。相关分析结果，７Ｓ球蛋白变异系统的蛋氨酸与优氨酸含量间，蛋氨酸及胱氨酸与含硫氨基酸含量间均为极显著正相关；蛋氨酸含量与蛋白质含量间呈显著负相关；胱氨酸及台硫氨基酸含量与蛋白质含量间无显著相关。     

基于Smad 7基因为靶序列的RNA干涉作用研究

为了探讨小干涉RNA(siRNA)对靶基因Smad7mRNA表达的阻断作用,采用体外转录方法制备Smad7基因的小干涉RNAs(siRNAs),用脂质体介导瞬时转染BERP35T 2肺癌细胞系,并采用Northernblot杂交检测靶基因mRNA的表达丰度。结果表明,根据Smad7编码区序列在体外成功地制备了针对2个不同靶序列的siRNAs;Northernblot杂交显示,在转染siRNA的BERP35T 2细胞中,不管是内源性的还是外源性的,Smad7mRNA的表达丰度均明显下降。说明Smad7基因编码区中542563bp及701722bp2个区域均是siRNA作用的有效靶序列,本研究设计并制备的siRNAs能有效抑制Smad7基因的表达。     

基于MATLAB的空间7R机构位置分析的新方法

利用向量回转法和MATLAB软件对空间7R机构位置问题进行了分析研究，确定了各杆长和副长方向的单位向量，列出了机构的向量封闭方程，以及各杆位置方程；调用MATLAB矩阵运算函数和解非线性方程组函数，解出了其他各杆的位置与主动件输入角度的关系，以及任何一杆上任意点的空间轨迹，并利用绘图函数表达各杆的位置曲线及任意点的轨迹。实例分析证明所提出的方法是可靠的。