5种砂土水分特征曲线的测试分析

为了测试分析5种砂土的水分特征曲线,运用张力计法对砾砂、粗砂、中砂、细砂、粉砂5种砂土在不同含水率下的土壤基质吸力进行实验研究,并对数据进行了三次多项式与Van Genuchten模型的拟合与验证。结果表明:细砂的水分特征曲线呈"反S"形曲线,砾砂、粗砂、中砂、粉砂呈"L"形曲线;在相同含水率条件下,5种砂土的基质吸力大小为粉砂细砂中砂粗砂砾砂;三次多项式拟合结果的R2值、PBIAS值分别为0.982 7~0.998 3、-0.119 8~0.342 7,Van Genuchten拟合结果的R2值、PBIAS值分别为0.931 0~0.992 6、-2.083 5~5.256 7,此处3次多项式拟合效果要优于Van Genuchten模型。     

海棠果树动力学特性的研究

研究了果树在外界载荷作用下,果树形态结构(果枝直径,分叉角度)对能量传播速度及能量在分叉位置处分流情况的影响。选择1棵"Y"型果树进行室内试验,激振载荷选择冲击载荷和正弦连续振动载荷。在冲击试验中,得出各测点加速度曲线第1次出现波峰或波谷的时间差,从而计算出能量从某一测点传递到相邻测点的传播速度;在连续试验中,对得到的加速度信号进行曲线拟合,将得到的加速度拟合函数进行积分得到速度函数,进而求出果枝上各测点的动能,将这部分动能视为振动传递到各测点的能量。根据得出的拟合函数可知:在正弦激振载荷作用下,果枝上的加速度信号呈正弦函数分布,并且激振频率与果枝加速度频率几乎一致。研究表明:能量在主干上的传播速度大于在枝干上的传播速度,分叉角度越小,能量传播速度越大;能量在流经分叉点处时,产生分流,能量更多地流向枝干直径大的一侧。     

基于三次拉格朗日曲线拟合轨迹的斜置式扎穴机构研究

为更好地满足斜置式扎穴机构喷肥针的入出土轨迹姿态以及不损伤作物的农艺要求,提出基于三次拉格朗日曲线拟合扎穴轨迹的逆向设计参数优化方法,为得到理想的"杏胡形"扎穴轨迹,通过改变相对轨迹上若干型值点的坐标,控制喷肥针入出土姿态并建立喷肥针的运动学模型,采用Matlab GUI开发平台,编写了斜置式非规则齿轮行星轮系扎穴机构的逆向设计与运动学分析仿真软件,最终得到非规则齿轮行星轮系的节曲线、喷肥针的入出土角及喷肥针尖的速度随行星架转角的变化曲线。通过高速摄影试验,观察和分析了在扎穴机构不同斜置角度下喷肥针尖相对运动轨迹的变化规律。试验结果表明,随着机构斜置角度的增大,喷肥针轨迹横向尺寸不变,纵向尺寸减小,扎穴轨迹段曲线逐渐向里收缩。在保证喷肥针扎入土壤一定深度情况下,喷肥针入出土角逐渐增大,随着机构斜置角度的增大,喷肥针轨迹的穴口宽度逐渐增大。     

端壁开缝改善轴流泵驼峰的机理

为了探索可有效抑制轴流泵特性曲线驼峰区的方法,该研究针对某轴流泵开展端壁沿轴向开缝的数值模拟研究,分析缝数目、缝长度和缝角度对轴流泵性能的影响规律,结合全通道非定常模拟揭示端壁开缝对轴流泵驼峰区的改善机理。研究结果表明,端壁开缝能够有效抑制轴流泵的驼峰现象,失速工况的扬程和效率分别提高了83.5%和8.13%。增加缝的数目和缝长可提高开缝抑制驼峰的能力,但缝过长会降低设计工况的效率,在一定范围内增加缝的径向倾角有利于驼峰区的改善,但不宜超过45°。在驼峰工况区,叶顶泄漏流呈旋涡状向叶轮进口方向发展,与来流共同作用堵塞叶顶通道,导致叶顶区域扬程突降。在叶片正背面压差作用下,缝内建立的喷射与抽吸的流动循环可使相对液流角在0.9倍相对叶高处以上部分明显降低,最大降幅62°,平均泄漏强度降低41.4%,叶顶中部附面层厚度降低18 mm,有效抑制由叶顶泄漏涡与主流相互作用造成的堵塞,并可削弱叶顶部位由叶顶泄漏涡等二次流诱发的压力脉动,是改善轴流泵驼峰区以及提升小流量工况效率的原因。端壁开缝具有改善轴流泵驼峰的巨大潜力。     

福建明溪丝栗栲次生林高径结构分析

本文报导以丝栗栲为优势树种的天然次生林,在两次弱度间伐(TCR处理)、两次强度间伐(TCQ处理)和不间伐(TCK处理)不同经营措施下,林木径级结构和高度级结构特征及差异,分析了林木径级(高度级)与株数分布曲线。分析结果表明:TCK处理无论是径级结构还是高度级结构,林木都比较集中在低级别范围分布,林木径级(高度级)与株数分布均呈倒"J"型,具有充沛的后备资源。TCQ处理林木径级结构和高度级结构趋向于高级别分布,保留木径向生长和纵向生长都得到提高,林木径级(高度级)与株数关系呈正态分布,单峰偏右,适合大径级用材林的培育方向。TCR处理林木径级结构和高度级结构介于TCK和TCQ处理之间,较适合培育中小径级食用菌专用材。     

BP neural networks and random forest models to detect damage by Dendrolimus punctatus Walker

The construction of a pest detection algorithm is an important step to couple"ground-space"characteristics,which is also the basis for rapid and accurate monitoring and detection of pest damage.In four experimental areas in Sanming City,Jiangle County,Sha County and Yanping District in Fujian Province,sample data on pest damage in 182 sets of Dendrolimus punctatus were collected.The data were randomly divided into a training set and testing set,and five duplicate tests and one eliminating-indicator test were done.Based on the characterization analysis of the host for D.punctatus damage,seven characteristic indicators of ground and remote sensing including leaf area index,standard error of leaf area index(SEL)of pine forest,normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),wetness from tasseled cap transformation(WET),green band(B2),red band(B3),near-infrared band(B4)of remote sensing image are obtained to construct BP neural networks and random forest models of pest levels.The detection results of these two algorithms were comprehensively compared from the aspects of detection precision,kappa coefficient,receiver operating characteristic curve,and a paired t test.The results showed that the seven indicators all were responsive to pest damage,and NDVI was relatively weak;the average pest damage detection precision of six tests by BP neural networks was 77.29%,the kappa coefficient was 0.6869 and after the RF algorithm,the respective values were 79.30%and 0.7151,showing that the latter is more optimized,but there was no significant difference(p>0.05);the detection precision,kappa coefficient and AUC of the RF algorithm was higher than the BP neural networks for three pest levels(no damage,moderate damage and severe damage).The detection precision and AUC of BP neural networks were a little higher for mild damage,but the difference was not significant(p>0.05)except for the kappa coefficient for the no damage level(p<0.05).An"over-fitting"phenomenon tends to occur in BP neural networks,while RF method is more robust,providing a detection effect that is better than the BP neural networks.Thus,the application of the random forest algorithm for pest damage and multilevel dispersed variables is thus feasible and suggests that attention to the proportionality of sample data from various categories is needed when collecting data.     

仿生香蕉秸秆粉碎装置关键部件作业参数优化与试验

目前用于香蕉秸秆粉碎的刀具在使用过程中存在刀具磨损量大、刀具易断裂、刀具适应性差等问题。结合香蕉秸秆含水量高、纤维含量丰富等物理特性,基于仿生学原理,通过狼爪获取灵感,获取仿狼爪轮廓曲线刀刃曲线方程,加工出一种仿生式减阻型秸秆粉碎刀,并设计香蕉秸秆粉碎刀轴。运用中心组合试验设计理论对秸秆还田机作业关键参数还田机前进速度、刀轴转速、刀片厚度进行研究,采用二次正交旋转组合设计试验方法并用Design-Expert进行数据处理,建立秸秆粉碎合格率的回归数学模型并进行方差分析。分析得出影响秸秆粉碎合格率的显著性顺序由大到小为刀轴转速、刀片厚度、还田机前进速度。通过响应曲面法得出最优作业参数组合为:还田机前进速度为4.72 km/h、刀轴转速为1 626.67 r/min、刀片厚度为9.84 mm,此时,香蕉秸秆粉碎合格率为97.28%。在最优参数组合的情况下,实际秸秆粉碎合格率为96.94%。通过与直型粉碎刀进行对比试验,秸秆粉碎合格率提高2.34个百分点。该研究为提高香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机作业质量提供参考。     

Effects of feed intake and water hardness on fluralaner pharmacokinetics in layer chickens

BackgroundFluralaner is a novel drug belonging to the isoxazoline class that acts on external parasites of domestic animals. It is used systemically via drinking water, especially against red poultry mite in layer chickens. Fluralaner is frequently used in layers infected with D. gallinae. However, no study to date has investigated the effects of feed intake and water hardness.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the effects of variable water hardness and feed intake on the pharmacokinetic profile of fluralaner.MethodsLayer chickens were divided into four groups (n = 8): fed + purified water (Group 1), feed restricted + purified water (Group 2), feed restricted + hard water (Group 3), and feed restricted + soft water (Group 4). After administering a single dose of the drug with drinking water, the blood samples were collected for 21 days. Fluralaner concentrations in plasma samples were determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The maximum plasma concentration (C_max), time to reach maximum plasma concentration (t_max), area under the concentration–time curve values (AUC_0-21d), half-life (t_1/2), and other pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated.ResultsAlthough the highest maximum plasma concentration (C_max) was determined in Group 1 (fed + purified water), no statistically significant difference was found in the C_max, t_max, t_1/2, MRT_{0-inf_obs}, Vz/F_obs, and Cl/F_{_obs} parameters between the experimental groups.ConclusionsIt was concluded that the feed intake or water hardness did not change the pharmacokinetic profile of fluralaner in layer chickens. Therefore, fluralaner could be used before or after feeding with the varying water hardness in poultry industry.     

土壤水分特征曲线迟滞效应的研究进展

研究水分在非饱和土壤中的运动时,迟滞效应不能忽略。对迟滞效应近年来的研究现状进行了综述,阐述了产生迟滞效应的原因,有墨水瓶效应、接触角的变化、圈闭气体等,总结分析了目前对土壤水分特征曲线的迟滞效应预测模型的研究,并对今后的研究趋势作了展望。