1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌的时空分布特征与污染水平分析

根据历史和调查资料,对1989—2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内锌(Zn)的时空分布特征和污染水平进行了分析与比较。结果表明,牡蛎体内Zn的浓度总平均值为211.5 mg/kg,从总体看其浓度出现频率呈对数正态分布。在时间上,牡蛎体内Zn总体平均浓度的分布呈阶段性变化,具体表现为1989—2007年Zn的浓度呈微弱降低的趋势,基本维持在197.0 mg/kg的水平;2007—2009年牡蛎体内Zn的浓度有明显升高的趋势,之后Zn的浓度有所降低。在空间上,粤东和粤西沿海牡蛎体内Zn浓度的变化均呈先降低后增加的趋势,且基本与广东沿海牡蛎体Zn平均浓度的变化趋势相同,而珠江口牡蛎体Zn的浓度水平相对较高并表现出趋于稳定的变化规律。单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数评价结果均表明,牡蛎体内Zn的总体不存在明显的污染,但从当前保护环境角度应当尽快设立我国水产品中Zn含量的限定标准。     

Production of inbred larvae through self‐fertilization using oocytes and cryopreserved sperm from the same individuals after sex reversal in eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica

The eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica can change sex which makes self‐fertilization possible if sperm can be cryopreserved. In this study, small (~1 year old) and large (~2–3 years old) oysters were biopsied for sperm collection. Survival of the biopsied oysters after 1 year was 50% for small oysters and 17% for large oysters. Oocytes were collected from sex‐reversed females, and self‐fertilized with cryopreserved sperm. Of the 24 cryopreserved samples, 14 individuals had ≤1% fertility when crossed with oocytes from unrelated females, indicating that the cryopreserved sperm had reduced fertility. The other 10 individuals had a fertility of 39 ± 25% when crossed with oocytes from unrelated females (non‐selfing), but showed a significantly lower success of self‐fertilization (12 ± 16%) (P = 0.008), while aliquots of the same oocytes had a fertilization of 83 ± 11% when crossing with fresh sperm. Larvae were produced at day 3 in the self‐fertilized families (12–94% of the fertilized oocytes), and survived to eyed‐larvae stage at days 11–14. Genotyping with 9 microsatellite markers confirmed that the larvae resulted from self‐fertilization in four families. This study demonstrated the feasibility of creating self‐fertilized inbred lines of oysters by use of non‐lethal sperm collection and cryopreservation.     

硝化细菌浓度及滤料对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响

分别研究了不同硝化细菌浓度(0、20、60、120 mL/100 L)和不同微生物滤料(珊瑚石、锅炉煤渣、牡蛎壳)对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响。结果显示,添加硝化细菌后,水体中的氨氮浓度呈现下降趋势,在8～12 h出现极低值后,开始上升,但上升速度较慢;随着水体中硝化细菌添加量的增加,水体中的氨氮浓度下降速度加快;水体中亚硝酸氮浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在4～6 h出现极高值,然后迅速下降,且硝化细菌添加量越高,下降速度越快。硝化细菌对以珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣为滤料的养殖水体中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的处理效果显著优于牡蛎壳,但珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣之间无显著差异。综合试验结果,应急水质处理时,硝化细菌菌剂的添加量以一次60 mL/100 L(或以活菌计数为1.2×109个/100 L)、间隔24 h添加1次为宜;经过脱硫筛选之后的锅炉煤渣可以作为循环水养殖用滤料。     

流沙湾养殖华贵栉孔扇贝体色多态性研究

对雷州半岛西部流沙湾养殖的华贵栉孔扇贝（Chlamys nobilis）群体进行了体色多态性研究。结果显示,在调查的10个苗种来源不同、总抽样数量为5 954个个体的养殖群体中,壳色可分为6类,分别是橘黄色（62.31%）、枣褐色（14.51%）、紫白色（12.46%）、橘黄间紫色（6.43%）、紫顶枣褐色（3.46%）和黄顶紫黄色（0.82%）;6类壳色群体的闭壳肌颜色均存在白、黄2色,且白色比例均显著高于黄色,其中黄色闭壳肌比例最高的是橘黄色（18.79%）;华贵栉孔扇贝成熟的生殖腺颜色分为黄、乳白2色,分别代表雌性和雄性,性比与闭壳肌颜色相关。研究表明,华贵栉孔扇贝壳色以橘黄色为主（P〈0.05）,闭壳肌颜色以白色为主（P〈0.05）;壳色与闭壳肌颜色存在一定的相关性,带“黄”壳色个体黄色闭壳肌比例较高（P〈0.05）;黄色闭壳肌群体雌性比例显著高于雄性（P〈0.01）。     

南澳贝藻混养互利机制的初步研究

以牡蛎和龙须菜为试验材料,进行了两个阶段不同投放比例的室内模拟混养试验,试验周期均为4周,各试验组分别为:对照组、龙须菜单养组、牡蛎单养组、牡蛎龙须菜低密度混养组、牡蛎龙须菜中密度混养组和牡蛎龙须菜高密度混养组,其中除对照组和龙须菜单养组外,各试验组牡蛎密度均为27只/m3,第一阶段龙须菜密度分别为:0,47,0,47,94,188g/m3,第二阶段龙须菜密度为:0,158,0,158,316,854g/m3。定期采样测定水体中营养盐(NO2-N,NO3-N,NH4-N,PO4-P)的含量及养殖生物的生长情况。试验结果表明,第一阶段试验结束时,投放牡蛎的试验组与未投放牡蛎的试验组水体氮、磷含量差异显著(P0.05)。第二阶段试验结束时,投放牡蛎的各试验组磷酸盐和硝酸盐含量差异显著(P0.05),高密度混养组的磷酸盐含量和硝酸盐含量与牡蛎单养组相比分别降低了43%、30%,说明龙须菜明显吸收了水体中的氮、磷,混养系统氮、磷利用更为合理,其中龙须菜854g/m3,牡蛎27只/m3的高密度混养组投放密度最为合理。     

Culture of mantle epithelial cells expressing shell matrix proteins from scallop Patinopecten yessoensis

ABSTRACT:   In molluscs, mantle epithelial cells secrete organic matrix proteins to form shells. In this study, we established a culture of mantle epithelial cells by using the mantle pallial layer of scallops. We aimed to identify the mantle epithelial cells expressing scallop shell matrix proteins and establish a culture system of epithelial cells. After the mantle pallial layer was carefully isolated from the mantle tissue, explant culture was performed at 4°C. Most cells that migrated from the explant tissue were round cells. Most of the adhered cells retained round morphology, while some of the cells adhered to the dish and showed morphology similar to that of epithelial-like and fibroblast-like cells. When the cultured cells were immunostained with a polyclonal antibody against the shell matrix protein, the antibody recognized many of the adhered cells. An estimation of the number of epithelial cells revealed that approximately 70% of the adhered cells were epithelial cells. This is the first report to describe epithelial cells in cultured mantle cells, which express shell matrix proteins. This culture system may be a useful method for characterization of the mantle epithelial cells.     

Capricious bioinvasions versus uncoordinated management strategies: how the most unlikely invaders can prosper under the current UK legislation framework

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挤压加工对南极磷虾粉营养组分的影响

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