Hepatopancreatic and muscular distribution of oxytetracycline antibiotics in farmed pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei): a physiological‐based pharmacokinetic model approach

Oxytetracycline (OTC) pharmacokinetic models previously used to investigate Penaeus vannamei have not addressed the specific problems related to drug distribution/disposition in particular tissues. This study aimed to provide an insight into OTC kinetics in the hepatopancreas and muscle based on a physiological model approach. Adult male P. vannamei at the C‐D₀ inter‐moulting stage were randomly assigned to intra‐sinus and oral administrations. In the intra‐sinus group, shrimps were dosed via the ventral sinus at an OTC level of 10.0 μg g^?1 body weight, while in the oral one, they were force fed at a dose level of 50.2 μg g^?1. The medicated animals were sampled at various time intervals until 170 h after dosing. Haemolymph, muscle and hepatopancreas samples were taken and OTC levels were determined using the validated HPLC method. A model focused on the hepatopancreas and muscle was developed. Oxytetracycline pharmacokinetic profiles in particular tissues were fitted into the model with an R² of between 0.6568 and 0.9904. Oxytetracycline muscular distributions were essentially identical for both groups and the drug did not accumulate in muscle. The distributions in the hepatopancreas for both groups were extensive, whereas that for oral administration was approximately 2.3 times greater than that for the intra‐sinus one. It was demonstrated that hepatopancreatic OTC may undergo significant first‐pass elimination with non‐linear kinetics.     

生物质炭源可溶性有机物消减土霉素生物毒性的效应比较

为探究生物质炭源溶解性有机物（DOM）对土霉素生物毒性的影响,采用水溶液和土壤模拟培养方式,研究不同温度（350 ℃、500 ℃、650 ℃）制备的木薯渣基生物质炭中溶解性有机物对土霉素胁迫小白菜（Brassica rapa var. glabra）种子发芽、根伸长和芽伸长的影响。结果表明,DOM350和DOM500分别对水培和土培种子的发芽率呈现促进作用,促进率分别为3.33%和10.00%;生物质炭源DOM对土霉素胁迫种子发芽存在缓解作用（P<0.05）;土霉素胁迫下DOM浓度与小白菜种子芽伸长呈显著相关（P<0.05）;土培条件下,DOM与低浓度土霉素（<34.78 mg/kg）共同促进种子根、芽伸长,对高浓度土霉素（>94.09 mg/kg）存在缓解作用;水培条件下,低浓度DOM对土霉素胁迫种子（B. rapa var. glabra）根伸长呈现缓解作用,DOM浓度与种子芽伸长呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。     

盐酸土霉素可溶性粉在肉鸡组织中的残留消除研究

在常规养殖环境中,对不同日龄肉鸡分别给予250 mg/L和333 mg/L 50%盐酸土霉素可溶性粉,集中饮水给药,每日1次,连续5 d。停药后4 h,1 d,3 d,5 d,6 d,7 d,8 d,9 d,10 d宰杀肉鸡,采集可食性组织(肌肉、肝脏和鸡胗)样品,肌肉、肝脏和鸡胗组织中的残留量采用UPLC-MS/MS测定。结果表明:土霉素主要残留在肝脏组织中;肌肉、肝脏和鸡胗组织的消除速率相似;停药5 d后,两个剂量组的肌肉、肝脏中土霉素残留量均低于最高残留限量(MRL)。休药期计算软件WTl.4结果显示,上述两种方法给药后,建议休药期分别为7、8 d。     

1株耐铜、锌离子土霉素降解菌的筛选鉴定及特性

【目的】铜、锌离子和土霉素作为养殖业中常用饲料添加剂,在畜禽粪便和污水中大量残留,形成了复合污染。本文在铜、锌离子的胁迫下筛选出降解土霉素的菌株。【方法】通过选择培养基,从养殖废水中筛选分离出1株土霉素降解菌DJI,优化其降解条件,测定DJ1菌株对其他四环素类抗生素和氯霉素的耐受性。【结果】通过菌株形态学特征及18S rDNA序列比对分析,确定DJ1菌株为Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum。该菌在pH7、温度30℃、装液量50 mL(使用250 mL三角瓶)、底物质量浓度200 mg/L、接种量为1%(φ)的条件下,培养5 d后对土霉素的降解率为78.83%。在低质量浓度(50 mg/L)土霉素的培养基中,添加50 mg/L Zn~(2+)抑制了土霉素的降解;而在高质量浓度(200mg/L)土霉素培养基中,添加50 mg/L Cu~(2+)抑制了土霉素的降解。菌株DJ1对四环素类抗生素及氯霉素具有高耐受能力,耐受均超过700 mg/L,能在抗生素与重金属铜、锌离子二元交叉培养基平板上生长,具有耐抗生素与重金属的双重抗性。【结论】菌株DJI具有高耐受四环素类抗生素、氯霉素、铜和锌离子的能力,能高效降解土霉素,可在环境抗生素污染防治中发挥积极作用。     

土霉素在奥尼罗非鱼体内的药动学研究

在(21±1)℃的水温条件下,以50 mg/kg的单剂量,分别给奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×O.niloticus)水剂口灌和混饲口灌土霉素,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测给药后各个时间点的血药浓度。结果显示:最低检测限为0.005μg/mL,线性范围为0.005~4μg/mL。水剂口灌组和混饲口灌组的药时数据均符合具时滞的二室开放动力学模型,水剂口灌组的动力学方程为:Ct=0.231e-0.028(t-0.010)+0.353e-0.011(t-0.010)-0.584e-0.468(t-0.010),混饲口灌组动力学方程:Ct=0.839e-0.057(t-0.459)+0.442e-0.013(t-0.459)-1.281e-0.282(t-0.459)。水剂口灌组及混饲口灌组主要药动学参数分别为:吸收半衰期(t1/2ka)为1.481 h,2.458 h;分布半衰期(t1/2α)为24.834 h,12.193 h;消除半衰期(t1/2β)为60.312 h,51.533 h;达峰时间(Tmax)为7.230 h,8.221 h;最大血药浓度(Cmax)为0.494μg/mL,0.796μg/mL;血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)=37.74μg.h/mL,43.075μg.h/mL。这些参数表明,水剂口灌比混饲口灌吸收快,分布和消除慢,在血液中达到峰浓度的时间更短,但峰浓度值比混饲口灌低。     

土霉素在土壤中降解特性研究

采用室内培养法研究了不同温度条件下,土霉素在土霉素单一及土霉素-锌复合体系中的降解作用。结果表明,在4 ℃和25 ℃时,土霉素在单一及复合体系中的降解速率均随培养时间增加而降低,随土霉素添加浓度的增加而增加。与4 ℃相比,土霉素在25 ℃环境条件下降解速率显著提高,半衰期明显缩短。与单一污染相比,在中、高浓度锌胁迫条件下,土霉素的降解速率明显降低,半衰期明显延长。参考POPs国际公约关于化学品持久性的定义,土霉素在单一及复合体系中均属易降解有机物。     

江苏省畜禽养殖场水环境中四环类抗生素污染研究

2009年在江苏省范围内采集27个规模化养殖场排水口和周围环境水体样品53个,用高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱对其中的土霉素（OTC）、金霉素（CTC）、四环素（TC）和强力霉素（DOX）等四环素类抗生素污染进行了检测。结果显示,土霉素、金霉素、四环素和强力霉素在水体样品中的检出率分别为60.4%、60.4%、34.0%和17.0%,污染量分别在0.07～72.91、0.10～10.34、0.08～3.67μg·L-1和0.11～39.54μg·L-1之间,检出率以土霉素和四环素最高;猪养殖场中土霉素、四环素和强力霉素的污染量比牛和鸡场的要高,牛场中金霉素和强力霉素的污染量明显低于鸡场;从区域上看,苏南地区受到的污染明显高于苏北。     

土霉素在鸡粪中的残留及降解规律研究

检测了健康肉鸡以不同剂量土霉素混饲给药后,在不同时间鸡粪中土霉素的含量变化,并比较避光及人工光照条件下灭菌鸡粪中土霉素的降解规律,以及在避光条件下灭菌、未灭菌及灭菌后加降解菌处理,鸡粪中土霉素的降解规律。结果表明,健康肉鸡混饲给予土霉素（100、200、400mg·kg-1）后,鸡粪中土霉素排泄量在给药后6～8h达到高峰,峰浓度分别为13.58、36.15mg·kg-1和50.73mg·kg-1,并于30、62h和72h时检测不到土霉素;对鸡粪中土霉素的浓度随时间变化趋势进行曲线拟合,发现各处理组的这种变化趋势均符合一级动力学方程Ct=C0e-kt。经灭菌鸡粪中土霉素的降解受光照条件和土霉素初始浓度的影响,初始浓度为10、20、40mg·kg-1时,避光条件下,土霉素降解半衰期分别为55.5、123.8d和173.3d;人工光照条件下,鸡粪中的土霉素降解较快,降解半衰期分别为14.8、21.1d和27.5d。此外,无论是在避光还是人工光照条件下,较高初始浓度组的土霉素降解速率均比较低初始浓度组慢。去除光照因素后,鸡粪中所含土霉素的降解主要受微生物及土霉素初始浓度的影响,初始浓度为10、20、40mg·kg-1时,灭菌组土霉素降解半衰期分别为78.7、103.4d和157.5d,未灭菌组为40.5、50.6d和97.6d,灭菌后加降解菌组为14.5、33.6d和51.3d,说明鸡粪中微生物的存在可加快土霉素的降解。相同处理条件下,土霉素的降解速率随药物初始浓度的升高而降低。     

Beneficial effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract on oxytetracycline‐induced stress response,immunosuppression, oxidative stress and enzymatic changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of thyme extract (TE) and oxytetracycline (OTC) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) stress response, immune parameters, oxidative stress and enzymatic changes. The fish were assigned into eight treatments receiving diets with OTC (0 and 2.5 g/kg) and TE (0, 5, 10 and 20 g/kg) for 2 weeks. Thereafter, serum characteristics and gut oxidative status were evaluated. OTC significantly increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, and cortisol and glucose levels; however, TE significantly suppressed these changes. OTC significantly decreased, but TE significantly increased gut catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. OTC significantly decreased gut superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased gut glutathione‐s‐transferase (GST) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and blood monocyte percentage; TE significantly mitigated these changes. TE significantly increased serum total protein, total Ig, lysozyme and ACH50, and blood WBC; however, OTC significantly decreased serum lysozyme and ACH50 activities and blood WBC and neutrophil percentage. In conclusion, OTC administration causes immunosuppression, which might be related to deterioration of fish health. TE augments trout innate immune and antioxidant status and is capable to counteract OTC‐induced health and immune deterioration.