Bioequivalence Study of Two Long-acting Oxytetracycline Formulations in Sheep

Two commercially available long-acting oxytetracycline hydrochloride formulations (Primamycin LA (Pfizer) and Terralent 20% LA (İ.E. Ulagay)) were administered by the intramuscular route to 20 clinically healthy sheep at a dose of 20 mg/kg. The study was performed in a two-period crossover design. Plasma samples were analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The mean maximum concentrations (C _max) was 8.00 ± 2.05 μg/mland 8.61 ± 1.42 μg/ml, respectively. The mean area under the concentration time curve (AUC) values were 154.95 ± 50.37(μg h)/ml and 161.70 ± 47.02(μg h)/ml, respectively. The 90%confidence intervals for the ratio of C _max and AUC values for the test and reference product are with in the interval 70−143% for C _max and interval 80-−125% for AUC proposed by EMEA. It was concluded that Primamycin LA and Terralent 20% LA formulations are bioequivalent in their rate and extent of drug absorbtion. Ozdemir N. and Yıldırım, M., 2006. Bioequivalence study of two long-acting oxytetracycline formulations in sheep. Veterinary Research Communications, 30(8), 929–934     

4种表面活性剂对水中土霉素光解的影响

为研究表面活性剂对抗生素光解的影响,采用模拟日光（氙灯,λ>290 nm）光解实验考察了土霉素在CTAB、SDS、SDBS和Tween80 4种表面活性剂溶液中的光解。在模拟日光下,土霉素在pH=7.5的纯水和4种表面活性剂溶液中的光解遵循一级反应动力学,4种表面活性剂均促进了土霉素的光解,其中CTAB的促进作用最明显。CTAB的作用受pH值和浓度影响,pH=5.5时抑制土霉素的光解;pH=7.5和pH=9.0时促进土霉素的光解,促进作用与CTAB浓度呈正相关。CTAB可以降低土霉素的pKa,增大其阴离子形态比例,这可能是CTAB促进土霉素光解的重要原因。在自然光照下,纯水和地表水中CTAB的存在分别使土霉素的光解加快了1.62和4.96倍。     

Feline Herpesvirus 1 and Mycoplasma spp. Conventional PCR Assay Results From Conjunctival Samples From Cats in Shelters With Suspected Acute Ocular Infections

Signs of ocular infections like discharge and conjunctivitis occur commonly in cats in shelters and feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), Chlamydia felis, Mycoplasma spp, and feline calicivirus (FCV) are thought to be the most common causes. While molecular assays are available to amplify nucleic acids of each of these agents as single tests or in panels, additional information is needed concerning whether the assay results can be used to predict response to treatment. The objectives of this study were to report results for conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that amplify nucleic acids of FHV-1, Mycoplasma spp., C. felis, and FCV from cats with signs of acute ocular and upper respiratory infections in an animal shelter and to determine whether the results are associated with treatment responses to topical administration of cidofovir (anti-FHV-1) or oxytetracycline (anti-Mycoplasma spp. and C. felis). Conjunctival samples were collected from both eyes of 60 cats with ocular signs of disease. Total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) were extracted from each sample and assayed for DNA of FHV-1, Mycoplasma spp., and C. felis and RNA of FCV by conventional PCR assays. Cats were randomized to be administered either oxytetracycline ointment or cidofovir drops in both eyes and a standardized ocular disease score system was used to determine a total ocular score for each cat prior to treatment on Day 0 and on Day 7. Nucleic acids of one or more agents were amplified from one or both eyes from 39 of 60 cats (65%). FHV-1 DNA (21 cats), Mycoplasma spp. DNA (25 cats) or FCV RNA (2 cats) were amplified most commonly. After treatment for 7 days, 32 of 60 cats (53.3%) were considered improved with 27 of 32 cats (84.4%) having ocular scores of 0 (21 cats) or 1 (6 cats). When the results of the FHV-1 PCR assay were compared to cidofovir treatment responses, the positive and negative predictive values of the assay were shown to be 29.4% and 60%, respectively. When the results of the Mycoplasma spp. PCR assay were compared to oxytetracycline treatment responses, the positive and negative predictive values of the assay were shown to be 40% and 38.5%, respectively. The predictive value of conventional PCR assay results for FHV-1 or Mycoplasma spp. DNA was low, suggesting that performing these tests to formulate a treatment protocol has minimal clinical utility in cats with suspected acute ocular infections.     

Some Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Dosage Regimens for a Long-Acting Formulation of Oxytetracycline in 6- to 8-Month-Old Male Calves

A two-way crossover study was conducted in crossbred male calves (6–8 months old) to determine the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and dosage regimens for a long-acting formulation of oxytetracycline (OTC-LA). The half-lives of oxytetracycline after intravenous and intramuscular administration were 7.8 h and 24 h, respectively. The volume of distribution and total body clearance values of the drug were 0.86±0.07 L and 76.1±3.3 (ml/h)/kg, respectively. The maximum concentration of the drug in the serum (4.7–7.4 g/ml) was achieved 8–10 h after intramuscular administration. The minimum therapeutic serum concentration of drug of 0.5 g/ml was maintained between 15 min and 84 h after intramuscular administration. The intramuscular bioavailability of the drug was 89.1±4.2%. The dosage regimens to maintain the minimum therapeutic serum concentrations of OTC following intramuscular administration of OTC-LA were computed.     

外源菌剂对猪粪堆肥质量及四环素类抗生素降解的影响

为了探讨不同外源菌剂组合对猪粪秸秆堆肥质量及猪粪中四环素类抗生素的降解影响,以猪粪为原料,秸秆为调理剂,分别设置了不加菌剂处理(CK)、添加白腐真菌处理(F)以及同时添加白腐真菌、氨化和硝化菌剂(FAN)三个处理,在自制的长方体翻转式好氧堆肥反应器中进行了猪粪秸秆的堆肥化模拟试验。通过定期采样,分析了堆肥的基本物理性质、氮素形态和其中有机碳(OC)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)和四环素(TC)与土霉素(OTC)含量的变化。结果显示:菌剂添加处理(F和FAN)对堆肥腐熟(种子发芽率)影响不大,但促进了堆肥中有机碳降解及全磷和全钾的增加,单一白腐真菌处理下的铵态氮的损失最小(0.24 g·kg~(-1));四环素和土霉素的浓度随堆肥时间显著下降,经过42 d两种抗生素降解率达90%以上(OTC、TC浓度5 mg·kg~(-1));白腐真菌起到加速堆肥中四环素降解的作用。     

土霉素处理对Valencia夏橙中淀粉及相关基因表达的影响

黄龙病(Huanglongbing,HLB)会造成柑橘韧皮部坏死堵塞,导致光合同化物运输不畅,淀粉大量积累。在感染HLB的4年生Valencia夏橙病株上分别注入0.1和0.2 g·株~(-1)土霉素(Oxytetracycline,OTC),90 d后运用qPCR检测,病株中HLB病原菌(Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,Las)含量均明显降低,且0.2和0.1 g·株~(-1) OTC处理的效果相当。I2/KI显色及LM观测表明,0.2 g·株~(-1) OTC处理后植株的淀粉含量从注射前的18.58μg·mm~(-2)减少至90 d的5.24μg·mm~(-2),而0.1 g·株~(-1)的处理90 d仅降至11.88μg·mm~(-2)。高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测结果表明,注射后90 d内,试验用浓度0.2 g·株~(-1) OTC在植株体内可降解至200μg·kg~(-1)以下。基因表达结果表明,注射0.2 g·株~(-1) OTC后30和90 d,淀粉合成及分解相关基因表达量均下降,其中淀粉合成相关基因AGPase表达量下降最显著,这与OTC注射后30和90 d叶片内淀粉含量下降结果一致。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定牛奶中土霉素残留

建立了测定牛奶中土霉素残留的RP-HPLC方法.采用草酸甲醇液提取牛奶中的土霉素,离心,用C18色谱柱(5 μm,250 mm×4.6 mm),甲醇 乙腈 0.01 mol/L草酸溶液(20∶ 12∶ 68)为流动相,流速1 mL/min,检测波长360 nm,以HPLC外标法测定牛奶中土霉素的残留量.结果:土霉素峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,其线性范围为50～1 500 μg/L(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为88%.本法简便、准确、快速,是一种较好的测定牛奶中土霉素残留的方法.     

防控香蕉细菌性软腐病绿色药剂筛选

2009年7月在广东番禺发现香蕉细菌性软腐病,病原菌鉴定为菊果胶杆菌(Pectobacterium chrysanthemi),其为中国大陆首次报道。为有效控制该病害发生危害,从杀细菌剂中筛选有效绿色药剂。室内生物活性测定和盆栽试验结果表明:88%水合霉素可溶粉剂320μg/mL和6%菌毒清可湿性粉剂160μg/mL处理10d后的防治效果分别为78.03%和81.08%,该两种药剂可作为香蕉细菌性软腐病的化学防控药剂。     

土霉素胁迫下小白菜种子萌发对橡胶废水沼液的响应

为认识橡胶废水沼液中外源溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter,DOM)对抗生素污染生物效应的影响,本文采用水培和土培两种方法研究土霉素(oxytetracycline,OTC)对小白菜种子的萌发效应,在此基础上探讨外源DOM输入后土霉素对小白菜发芽率和胚根、芽伸长的影响。结果表明:(1)水培中DOM促进种子萌发,土培中抑制萌发;土霉素在水培0~50 mg/L、土培0~100 mg/kg胁迫下小白菜种子发芽率影响差异不显著;(2)在水培中,外源土霉素浓度与小白菜的胚根、芽长抑制率之间均呈显著正相关性;在土培中,外源性土霉素浓度与小白菜的胚根、芽长抑制率呈显著负相关性;(3)在水培和土培中,与对照组相比,DOM对小白菜的胚根伸长和芽伸长均起促进作用,水培促进率最高达55.05%,土培促进率最高达27.46%;(4)水培条件下,土霉素与DOM共存时对小白菜胚根伸长的抑制作用更明显;土培条件下,土霉素与DOM共存时,低浓度的DOM促进小白菜的胚根伸长,随着浓度的升高,促进作用下降。     

土霉素对半滑舌鳎后肠好氧菌耐药性影响与药物残留分析

在（22±1）℃海水温度下,以初始体重（180～220）g的半滑舌鳎为研究对象,分别在配合饲料中以土霉素浓度为0mg·kg^-1和125mg·kg^-1拌料投喂,研究半滑舌鳎后肠中好氧菌耐药率的变化情况,同时使用高效液相色谱检测半滑舌鳎肌肉中土霉素的残留量。结果表明：在添加16mg·kg^-1土霉素的选择性培养基上,半滑舌鳎后肠好氧菌其耐药率从开始投喂时的（12．32±2．36）％增加到停药期间最大值（43．15±4．20）％;而在160mg·L^-1浓度土霉素的培养基上,其耐药率从开始的（5．6±2．94）％增加到（18．64±0．45）％。土霉素残留实验表明,在投喂药期间,土霉素在肌肉中的残留量处于（2．23±0．40）～（3．14±0．15）mg·kg^-1之间,但投药期结束后,残留量迅速下降,直到第6天降到检测限以下。本研究结果表明,在土霉素作用下,实验组耐药率出现较大的变化,但在停药16天时基本恢复到正常水平。