Microbial community dynamics during composting of animal manures contaminated with arsenic,copper,and oxytetracycline

Effects of the heavy metal copper(Cu), the metalloid arsenic(As), and the antibiotic oxytetracycline(OTC) on bacterial community structure and diversity during cow and pig manure composting were investigated. Eight treatments were applied, four to each manure type, namely cow manure with:(1) no additives(control),(2) addition of heavy metal and metalloid,(3) addition of OTC and(4) addition of OTC with heavy metal and metalloid; and pig manure with:(5) no additives(control),(6) addition of heavy metal and metalloid,(7) addition of OTC and(8) addition of OTC with heavy metal and metalloid. After 35 days of composting, according to the alpha diversity indices, the combination treatment(OTC with heavy metal and metalloid) in pig manure was less harmful to microbial diversity than the control or heavy metal and metalloid treatments. In cow manure, the treatment with heavy metal and metalloid was the most harmful to the microbial community, followed by the combination and OTC treatments. The OTC and combination treatments had negative effects on the relative abundance of microbes in cow manure composts. The dominant phyla in both manure composts included Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The microbial diversity relative abundance transformation was dependent on the composting time. Redundancy analysis(RDA) revealed that environmental parameters had the most influence on the bacterial communities. In conclusion, the composting process is the most sustainable technology for reducing heavy metal and metalloid impacts and antibiotic contamination in cow and pig manure. The physicochemical property variations in the manures had a significant effect on the microbial community during the composting process. This study provides an improved understanding of bacterial community composition and its changes during the composting process.     

Relative population levels of citrus thrips Scirtothrips aurantii on commercial citrus and adjacent bush

Citrus thrips Scirtothrips aurantii Faure is a serious economic pest in southern Africa. It is indigenous, breeding on many wild hosts as well as on citrus. In this northern Transvaal lowveld study, bush containing known host plants of S. aurantii was not the source of early infestation of a navel orange orchard by adult citrus thrips during September and October. Early-season damage therefore resulted from the activities of citrus thrips which had overwintered in the orchard. In contrast, S. aurantii populations on wild hosts could possibly boost orchard populations later in the season and contribute to late damage on the fruit. This is because, in one of the years, adult thrips numbers were higher in the bush than in the orchard during November and December.     

测定猪肉中土霉素及金霉素残留的HPLC法建立

文章建立了测定猪肉组织中土霉素及金霉素残留量的HPLC法.该方法按照国家检测标准采用了5％高氯酸50 mL为样品提取液;乙腈+0.01 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(用30％硝酸调节pH2.5)=35:65为流动相;检测波长为355nm,进行测定.在此色谱条件下,土霉素、金霉素标准品浓度在0.1～1.0 μg· mL-...     

Comprehensive antibiotic susceptibility profiling of Chilean Piscirickettsia salmonis field isolates

Antibiotics have been extensively used against infections produced by Piscirickettsia salmonis, a fish pathogen and causative agent of piscirickettsiosis and one of the major concerns for the Chilean salmon industry. Therefore, the emergence of resistant phenotypes is to be expected. With the aim of obtaining a landscape of the antimicrobial resistance of P. salmonis in Chile, the susceptibility profiles for quinolones, florfenicol and oxytetracycline (OTC) of 292 field isolates derived from main rearing areas, different hosts and collected over 5 years were assessed. The results allowed for the determination of epidemiological cut‐off values that were used to characterize the pathogen population. This work represents the first large‐scale field study addressing the antimicrobial susceptibility of P. salmonis, providing evidence of the existence of resistant types with a high incidence of resistance to quinolones. Remarkably, despite the amounts and frequency of therapies, our results disclosed that the issue of resistance to florfenicol and OTC is still in the onset.     

土壤酶活性对土壤中土霉素的动态响应

采用室内培养试验研究了土霉素（OTC）对土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,在整个培养期间,土霉素对土壤过氧化氢酶和土壤磷酸酶活性具有明显的抑制作用;对土壤蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性在培养前期具有轻微的抑制作用,但培养后期（培养第112 d）具有较强的抑制作用;而对土壤脲酶活性的影响则相反,在培养第1 d,OTC 100 mg/kg处理对脲酶具有显著的刺激作用,以后土霉素对脲酶活性影响不明显。土壤过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶对土霉素污染响应比土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶更敏感,因而可以表征土壤受土霉素的污染程度。     

土霉素处理对柑橘黄龙病的防治效果及PP2基因表达的影响

【目的】评价土霉素(oxytetracycline,OTC)药剂对不同发病程度柑橘黄龙病（Huanglongbing,HLB）的防治效果,并检测OTC处理后韧皮部关键基因——韧皮部蛋白2（PP2）的表达量变化,为HLB的有效防控提供科学依据,也为OTC作用机理研究提供参考。【方法】应用可有效抑制、杀死病原菌的OTC,树干定量注射0.1 g/树于不同发病程度HLB（初感染、轻度发病和重度发病3组）的4年生Valencia夏橙,注射后7、30、60、90 d定期采集Valencia叶片样品监测HLB致病菌Cadidatus Liberibacter asiaticus(Las)含量、淀粉含量及PP2基因表达量变化。树干注射OTC后90 d采集不同处理Valencia的嫩叶、成熟叶片及茎,进行淀粉染色光学显微观察（LM）,直观反映植株累积淀粉的变化。树干注射OTC后80 d调查柑橘嫩叶抽发的情况,综合一系列指标评价OTC对HLB的防治效果。【结果】注射OTC 0.1 g/树对初感染HLB的4年生Valencia植株治疗作用最明显,7 d后检测即为阴性,并可保持90 d,其成熟叶片的淀粉含量明显减少,但茎内仍有淀粉粒富集;轻度发病夏橙注射90 d后叶片内的Las含量从（1.68×10 ⁶±858884）cells/g叶片减至（7.21×10 ⁴±30981）cells/g叶片,下降幅度极为明显,其成熟叶片内的淀粉含量在90 d内一直呈下降趋势;重度发病植株注射后叶片内的Las含量从（4.10×10 ⁸±3.04×10 ⁸）cells/g叶片减至（2.80×10 ⁷±2.70×10 ⁷）cells/g叶片,但从数量而言仍然有较多分布,除了新长出的秋梢,其成熟叶及茎内的淀粉粒含量仍旧很大,说明0.1 g/株OTC不足以治愈4年生重度发病Valencia夏橙。对PP2基因表达分析结果显示,注射OTC后30 d,Valencia夏橙体内的PP2基因表达量大幅度下降,随后90 d内表达量稳定,与注射后30 d的表达量较为一致。 【结论】OTC可以用于HLB的防控,对初感染（Las含量为<9.00×10 ⁵cells/g叶片）及轻度发病（Las含量为9.00×10 ⁵—9.00×10 ⁷ cells/g叶片）的柑橘植株治疗作用较好,不适用于重度发病植株（Las含量为>9.00×10 ⁷ cells/g叶片）的治疗。注射OTC后,PP2基因表达量下降明显,说明OTC可有效减少韧皮部病菌等的胁迫压力。     

Pharmacokinetics and residues in milk of oxytetracyclines administered parenterally to dairy goats

OBJECTIVE: To determine for two commercial preparations of oxytetracycline (OTC) the pharmacokinetic behaviour, the presence of detectable milk residues and the penetration in milk of OTC administered by intravenous (IV) (conventional formulation [CF]) and intramuscular (IM) routes (CF and long-acting [LA] formulations) in goats producing milk. The effects of these formulations on plasma activity values of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also determined as indicators of tissue damage. PROCEDURE: Five healthy lactating goats producing 1.5+/-0.5 L/d milk and weighing 56.0+/-4.8 kg were used. Single doses of OTC chlorhydrate (CF) were administered (20 mg OTC/kg) by IV (Trial 1 IV) and IM (Trial 1 IM) routes and OTC dehydrate (LA) by the IM route. The same goats were first given IV CF, then IM CF followed by IM LA with 3 weeks between each treatment. Blood and milk samples were taken. The quantification of OTC was performed by HPLC and the plasma activities of CK and LDH enzymes were determined by spectrophotometry. The presence of OTC residues in milk was determined by a commercial reagent. The plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a two-compartment model. RESULTS: Estimates of kinetic variables following IV administration were: Vss= 400.0+/-120.0 mL/kg and CL= 110.0+/-14.0 (mL/h)/kg. The t(fi) for IV= 3.0+/-0.3 h; IM, CF = 10.5+/-2.1 h and IM, LA = 15.1+/-3.1 h. The concentration of OTC in milk at 48 h was: IV= 0.6+/-0.4; IM CF= 1.1+/-0.2 and at 72 h (IM LA)= 0.6+/-0.1 microg/mL and the penetration in milk of OTC was: IV= 70.0+/-18.0; IM CF= 79.0+/-14.0 and IM LA= 66.0+/-6.0%. The areas under the curve of CK and LDH activities in plasma were calculated by the trapezoidal method. Values of CK and LDH IM, LA were greater (P < 0.05) than those observed for IM, CF at 2 and 3 days after administration of the antibiotic. Finally, the bioavailability of OTC CF = 92.0+/-22.0 and LA= 78.0+/-23.0% was suitable for its usage by the IM route in lactating goats. CONCLUSION: Plasma concentration-time values of OTC administered parenterally in production dairy goats showed similar bioavailability for the two pharmaceutical preaprations. The presence of detectable residues in milk indicates that milk should not be used for human consumption for 2 and 3 days after administration of conventional and long-acting formulations, respectively. The increments in CK and LDH activities after the IM administration of LA are consistent with the presence of tissue damage provoked by the pharmaceutical preparations at the injection site.     

牛奶中四环素类药物残留的确证方法--液质联用法

为了确证牛奶中土霉素、四环素、金霉素的残留，建立了电喷雾高效液相色谱／串联质谱法，采用正离子检测，选择离子方式扫描。牛奶样品经Mcllvaine-EDTA缓冲溶液提取离心后，上清液过C18小柱净化后甲醇洗脱，然后氮气吹干，甲醇-水（30：70）溶解（以去甲金霉素为内标）后进行分析。结果表明，牛奶中土霉素、四环素和金霉素的检测限（LODs）为0．01mg／L，定量限（LOQs）为0．025mg／L。3种药物在0．05～0．5mg／L范围内均呈良好线性关系，并且3个添加浓度的平均回收率范围为70．0％～87．6％，批内变异系数不大于10％，以最大残留限量浓度添加后所测得回收率的批间变异系数小于15％。本方法特异性强、灵敏度高、准确可靠，可作为牛奶及其他动物组织中四环素类药物残留的确证方法。     

长效土霉素注射液在猪体内的药代动力学研究

建立了土霉素在猪血浆中含量测定的高效液相色谱法，研究了其在猪体内的药代动力学。土霉素检测的线性范围为0．25～32．0lμg／mL，相关系数为0．9997，最低定量限为0．25μg／mL。药代动力学研究表明，给猪单剂量肌肉注射土霉素25mg／kg体重后，其血药浓度一时间曲线符合一级吸收二室模型，参数为Tmax=2h,Cmax=7．62lμg／mL,t1/2β=69．315h，V1／F=4．648L／kg，说明长效土霉素在体内逐渐吸收和广泛分布后，在组织中能长时间地维持较高的血药浓度，能达到长效之目的。本试验能对兽药药代动力学研究和制定长效土霉素注射液合理给药方案提供参考。