土霉素在子宫内膜炎奶牛血浆中的药动学试验

对8头健康和8头患子宫内膜炎奶牛经子宫内灌注土霉素注射液,研究了土霉素在奶牛血浆中的药动学特征.应用反向高效液相色谱法为检测手段对血浆中土霉素浓度进行测定,采用3p97药动学软件分析药-时数据.结果表明:土霉素在健康奶牛子宫内不易被吸收入血,而在患病奶牛血浆中的最高血药浓度较低.土霉素在患子宫内膜炎奶牛体内的药动学特征符合一级吸收一室开放模型,主要药动学参数:药时曲线下面积(AUC)为(18.53±10.92)mg.L-1.h-1,血药峰浓度(Cmax)为(1.66±0.84)μg/mL,达峰时间(tmax)为(0.35±0.06)h,吸收半衰期(t1/2ka)为(0.05±0.01)h,清除半衰期(t1/2ke)为(7.67±2.44)h.土霉素灌注给药在患子宫内膜炎的奶牛子宫内吸收快但不完全,消除较慢.     

抗生素土霉素对小麦根际土壤酶活性和微生物生物量的影响

【目的】探明四环素类抗生素土霉素在小麦根际的微生态效应。【方法】通过根箱模拟栽培法,研究了土霉素对小麦烟农21(对土霉素不敏感品种)和核优1号(对土霉素敏感品种)根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶4种酶活性以及微生物生物量的影响。【结果】(1)土霉素处理能够显著降低小麦核优1号根区、近根区和远根区土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶(根区除外)、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,而只显著降低了小麦烟农21根区、部分近根区和远根区相应的土壤酶活性。(2)土霉素能够显著增加小麦根际土壤微生物生物量氮的含量,且其影响作用随着距根表距离的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势,就小麦品种而言,土霉素对烟农21的影响大于核优1号。土霉素显著降低了小麦根际的微生物生物量碳的含量以及微生物生物量碳氮比,且随着距根表距离的增加,其影响作用逐渐减弱,就小麦品种而言,土霉素对烟农21根际土壤微生物生物量碳的影响小于核优1号。【结论】土霉素对小麦根际土壤酶活性和微生物生物量是有影响的,且存在基因型差异。如就土壤酶活性而言,土霉素对耐性品种的影响弱于敏感品种。     

去除效价的土霉素药渣亚慢性毒性试验

用小鼠对去除效价的土霉素药渣进行亚慢性毒性试验,探讨在处理土霉素药渣过程中是否产生有毒物质。结果表明,饲喂处理后药渣的小鼠与饲喂原药渣的小鼠各脏器系数没有显著差异(P0.05),证明经过处理的药渣不仅与原药渣的各项指标相同,而且使残留效价大幅度降低。     

影响长效土霉素注射液稳定性的几个因素

本试验适当改变长效土霉素注射液的处方和溶解条件,加入适当稳定剂,调整常规的生产工艺.结果表明,改进后的长效土霉素注射液的稳定性大大提高,颜色在标准范围之内,经105℃流通蒸气灭菌60 min,未见颜色变化,经微生物效价测定,含量为100.5%,可信限6.3%.说明采用该生产工艺能提高长效土霉素注射液的稳定性.     

盐酸土霉素可溶性粉在肉鸡组织中的残留消除研究

在常规养殖环境中,对不同日龄肉鸡分别给予250 mg/L和333 mg/L 50%盐酸土霉素可溶性粉,集中饮水给药,每日1次,连续5 d。停药后4 h,1 d,3 d,5 d,6 d,7 d,8 d,9 d,10 d宰杀肉鸡,采集可食性组织(肌肉、肝脏和鸡胗)样品,肌肉、肝脏和鸡胗组织中的残留量采用UPLC-MS/MS测定。结果表明:土霉素主要残留在肝脏组织中;肌肉、肝脏和鸡胗组织的消除速率相似;停药5 d后,两个剂量组的肌肉、肝脏中土霉素残留量均低于最高残留限量(MRL)。休药期计算软件WTl.4结果显示,上述两种方法给药后,建议休药期分别为7、8 d。     

四环素类抗菌药物在吉富罗非鱼体内的代谢动力学研究

给吉富罗非鱼一次灌服50mg/kg剂量的四环素和土霉素浑浊液,研究四环素和土霉素在其肌肉、肝脏和血液中的残留与消除规律。12h后四环素、土霉素在肌肉、肝脏和血液中含量分别达最高,四环素含量分别为0.920mg/kg,2 703mg/kg,1 225μg/mL;土霉素含量分别为0 860,2 188mg/kg和1 075μg/mL。鱼肉中四环素的分布半衰期和消除半衰期分别为8 593,23 50h;土霉素的分布半衰期和消除半衰期分别为8 261,22 979h。216h后,鱼肉中四环素和土霉素均低于0 1mg/kg。     

Radiological examination of the spinal column in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): experiments with Flavobacterium psychrophilum and oxytetracycline

Flavobacterium psychrophilum and oxytetracycline have both been associated with spinal deformities in salmonids. Experiments were carried out to investigate whether infection with F. psychrophilum or medication with oxytetracycline (OTC) at the fry stage would result in an increased occurrence of vertebral column deformities in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Fish were on‐grown for 9 months and examined by radiology at the end of the experiments. There was a relationship between infection by F. psychrophilum and deformities of the spinal column, if fish with more than 10 affected vertebrae were classified as deformed. The deformities found among infected fish were often visible externally and were more severe than those seen among control fish (most deformities foun among controls were only seen on X‐ray photographs). Deformities were evenly spread along the vertebral column of infected fish. OTC treatments of up to 200 mg of OTC (kg fish)^?1 day^?1 for 10 days and repeated three times did not result in increased spinal deformities relative to untreated control groups; therefore, medication of rainbow trout with oxytetracycline did not cause deformities of the spinal column under our treatment conditions.     

Scale pattern analysis is preferable to OTC marking of otoliths for differentiating between stocked and wild dusky flathead, Platycephalus fuscus, and sand whiting, Sillago ciliata

A pilot programme to evaluate the effect of stocking dusky flathead, Platycephalus fuscus (Cuv. & Val.), and sand whiting, Sillago ciliata (Cuv. & Val.), began in the Maroochy River estuary in 1995. Two possible methods of mass marking; oxytetracycline (OTC) marking of otoliths, and scale pattern analysis (SPA) were investigated. A range of OTC trials was conducted, with limited success. High concentrations (1000 mg L^?1) of OTC and low salinities (≤9°/₀₀) produced acceptable marks on the otoliths of both species, but at the expense of fingerling survival and environmental health risks. SPA provided better results, with wild to hatchery misclassification rates of 25 and 11%, respectively, for P. fuscus and S. ciliata. The reverse misclassification rate of hatchery to wild was equal or better for both species. Field trials demonstrated that SPA was able to differentiate between the two sources of fingerlings (wild and hatchery). These results indicated that OTC was impractical, while SPA was acceptable for this pilot programme. The implications of these results are discussed.     

Feed intake and growth of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fed diets supplemented with oxytetracycline and squid extract

This study examined the long-term effects of a feeding deterrent, oxytetracycline (OTC), and a feeding stimulant, squid extract, on feed intake, growth and dry matter (DM) digestibility in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Fish were fed one of four diets for 9 weeks: 1. commercial feed formulation (basic); 2. BM (basic plus 20 g kg⁻¹ OTC); 3. BMS (BM plus 10 g kg⁻¹ squid extract); 4. BS (basic plus 10 g kg⁻¹ squid extract). OTC initially reduced the palatability of the feed, but the fish seemed to become accustomed to the taste of OTC over time. Addition of squid extract to the medicated feed (BMS) seemed to mask the aversive taste of OTC, but the effect on feed consumption was of short duration. Addition of squid extract to the basic feed (BS) had no significant effect on feed intake, growth or feed digestibility. The growth of fish fed medicated diets (BM and BMS) was depressed, probably as a consequence of reduced feed digestibility. The two additives led only to temporary changes in feed acceptability, but both growth and DM digestibility were affected by OTC. Thus, we suggest that short-term studies may be inadequate to test whether deterrent or stimulant properties of feed ingredients are of practical importance in feed formulation.