RESPONSE OF FRIJOLILLO RHYNCHOSIA MINIMA (L) DC. TO SUPPLEMENTARY PHOSPHORUS WITH THREE SOIL MOISTURE CONDITIONS: II. SOLUTE ACCUMULATION

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of induced drought conditions and phosphorous (P) application on osmotic adjustment as reflected in the accumulation of organic solutes in the leaves of frijolillo. The experiment took place under greenhouse conditions without climate control. Plastic containers were used measuring 20 cm high × 15 cm in diameter. In each container, five plants were evaluated from emergence to vegetative growth phase. Three soil moisture regimes were evaluated (25%, 50%, and 100% of field capacity) combined with four concentrations of phosphorous (0, 50,100 and 150 mg kg^?1 of soil). A completely randomized block design with a factorial arrangement of 3×4 with four replications was used. The cellular osmotic adjustment as a response to drought stress in frijolillo was associated with the accumulation of sugars, amino acids and proline in that higher concentrations than the control were measured with moisture at 25%. Concentrations of chlorophyll and carotene increased as soil moisture levels decreased.     

Aloe vera long-term saline irrigation increases contents of hydrogen peroxide,lipid peroxidation and phenolic compounds

Salt stress is more and more becoming a serious problem in the world especially if we consider its damaging effect on the plant growth and yield. The cultivation of medicinal plants, such as Aloe vera, might be an alternative for the saline water use and salt-affected soils occupation. Aloe vera, commonly known as aloe, is one of the primary medicinal plants with multipurpose applications going from pharmaceutical to cosmetic aspects with a promising economic return. Aloe plants were cultivated and irrigated, for 14 months, with drinking water (C0) and with two levels of salt (C1 and C2). Changes in growth, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), lipid peroxidation and phenolic compounds were examined in leaves at harvest. Depressive effects of salt irrigation on the plant growth parameters and a perturbation in inorganic ion contents were found especially with a high level of salt in the irrigation water. The intracellular oxidative stress was evaluated with the H₂O₂ production. Our results showed that the H₂O₂ content increased with the accumulation of the toxic ion (Na) in the leaf tissues. In addition, lipid peroxidation, measured by the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, increased as well with salt augmentation in the irrigation water. In response to salt stress, Aloe leaves showed a significant increase in the levels of phenolic compounds too. These results suggest that Aloe can be planted in soils affected by salinity and irrigated with salt water at least at a moderate concentration used in the present study.     

pH和磷对铅胁迫下芥菜生长和土壤酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同pH和磷酸盐浓度对铅污染土壤种植的芥菜生物量和铅吸收的影响,及铅浓度与土壤酶活性的关系.结果表明,芥菜地下部分铅含量明显高于芥菜地上部分.土壤酸化有可能导致土壤中铅的溶出释放,在试验中,土壤pH为5.0时,土壤中铅的释放最多,芥菜生长和土壤酶活性受到的影响最大.土壤中铅与磷酸结合成难溶性的磷酸铅,当土壤中施加的磷浓度为300mg/kg时,土壤中铅的释放量最少,芥菜生长和土壤酶活性受到的影响最小;土壤中铅的释放溶出与土壤酶活性相关性较大,同时二者易受土壤pH和磷含量的影响,因此把土壤中铅的释放溶出与土壤酶活性结合起来作为判断土壤铅污染程度指标更合适.     

外源NO对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

本研究以黄瓜为试材,采用营养液水培,研究了外源NO对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果显示,在70mmol·L-1的Ca(NO3)2胁迫下,植株生长受到抑制,干重和叶绿素含量显著下降,叶片和根系抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均升高,膜脂过氧化产物MDA及可溶性 蛋白含量增加.而叶面喷施NO供体SNP显著缓解了Ca(NO3)2胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制,植株干重显著增加.同时,抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量也有不同程度的上升,MDA含量显著下降.以上表明,NO能够增强黄瓜幼苗对Ca(NO3)2胁迫的耐性.喷施SNP对正常营养液培养的黄瓜幼苗无显著影响.     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下山葡萄叶片叶绿素荧光和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探究NO对山葡萄耐盐性影响的生理机制,以1年生双丰山葡萄扦插苗为试材,采用营养液栽培方法,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对50 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下山葡萄叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,外源NO能显著提升盐胁迫下山葡萄叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,减少丙二醛(MDA)的产生和积累,保护光合机构免受活性氧伤害,从而提高叶片叶绿素含量;另一方面,外源NO使盐胁迫下山葡萄叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和保护性热耗散(ΦNPQ)升高,而初始荧光(Fo)和非调节性能量耗散(ΦNO)显著下降,表明外源NO通过保护性热耗散机制缓解盐胁迫引起的光抑制,增强光合电子传递效率,进而维持PSⅡ的正常功能,最终提高了山葡萄耐盐性.     

开花后水分亏缺对小麦生理影响与化学调控的补偿效应

旱棚PVC管栽培冬小麦“京冬 8号”试验研究结果表明 ,小麦开花后水分亏缺影响氚水 (3H2 O)在其根系和旗叶中动态、初生根和穗下节维管束特征、根系活力、叶片蒸腾速率、气孔阻力和14C同化物输出速率及比例。用植物生长延缓剂HK 6拌种和起身期叶面喷施处理 ,可增加初生根大导管和维管束鞘横截面积 ,提高根系活力 ,促进根系3H2 O的吸收和向地上部器官运输 ;增加穗下节大维管束横截面积 ,并可能促进水分向穗部运输 ;增加旗叶中气孔阻抗 ,维持适当水分蒸腾速率 ,缓解水分胁迫下叶片3H2 O的减少 ;提高单株水分利用效率 ,化学控制处理可缓解和补偿水分胁迫对小麦生理造成的不良影响 ,对小麦节水栽培和抗旱增产具有应用潜力     

羊草对盐碱胁迫的生理生化响应特征

研究羊草对盐碱胁迫生理响应特征,旨在找出羊草耐盐碱范围及其对盐碱地改良的应用潜力。通过模拟5组不同盐碱梯度土壤胁迫试验(p H值为7.61、8.05、8.33、8.73、9.37,电导率为0.109、0.301、0.437、0.486、0.591 m S/cm),研究了羊草体内离子含量和运输能力、有机小分子渗透调节和保护酶活性变化。结果表明,盐碱胁迫由低到高,超氧化物歧化酶和甜菜碱在中度盐碱胁迫(p H值8.33,电导率0.437 m S/cm)积累最多,其他测定的耐盐碱物质,钠离子、脯氨酸、丙二醛、有机酸(草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸)、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白均呈直线增加。在盐碱胁迫条件下,羊草叶片中积累的钾离子、甜菜碱、有机酸、可溶性蛋白高于根茎,而脯氨酸、丙二醛、保护酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶)、可溶性总糖叶片中含量低于根茎。根茎大量积累保护酶、脯氨酸及丙二醛有助于防止盐碱环境下根茎中膜过氧化,并保持根茎正常的渗透调节能力,从而有利于将K+等养分运送到叶片。在盐碱胁迫下,羊草叶片主要积累甜菜碱和有机酸进行渗透调节。该试验结果表明,羊草根茎和叶片在不同盐碱胁迫条件下各耐盐碱生理指标均产生一系列适应性反应,使其在盐碱环境正常生长,进而降低土壤盐碱性。该研究可为耐盐碱饲草选育及根茎型禾草改良盐碱化草地提供理论和实践依据。     

硒缓解植物重金属胁迫和累积的机制

硒(Se)在提高植物抗逆性、缓解重金属胁迫以及降低植物对重金属吸收方面有着重要的作用。本文综述了Se参与缓解植物重金属胁迫和累积的机制,Se能够缓解重金属的胁迫,主要是因为在植物体内由Se转化而来的相关产物的生理生化作用产生的综合效果。Se是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的必需组分,GSH-Px利用谷胱甘肽(GSH)将有毒的过氧化物还原成无毒的物质,清除由重金属引起的自由基。Se可以激活植物螯合肽(PC)合成酶及增加PC合成的前体,使植物产生更多的PC,形成更多的重金属-PC配合物。Se还可以与重金属形成大分子的复合物,降低重金属的毒害。Se能够与多种重金属元素产生拮抗效应,降低植物对重金属的吸收。     

灌浆结实期高温对水稻剑叶生理特性和稻米品质的影响

以水稻耐热品系996和热敏感品系4628为材料,在灌浆结实期利用人工气候室进行高温处理（9：00-17：00,37℃,17：00-翌日9：00,30℃）和适温处理（CK,9：00-17：00,30℃,17：00-翌日9：00,25℃）22d,研究高温胁迫对水稻剑叶光合特性、膜透性、抗氧化酶活性及稻米品质的影响,并进行对比分析.结果表明：（1）灌浆结实期高温胁迫下水稻剑叶叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b和净光合速率均降低,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性表现出胁迫初期升高,高温处理5d后,随胁迫时间延长呈降低趋势,热敏感品系4628剑叶中叶绿素含量、净光合速率和抗氧化酶活性下降幅度大于耐热品系996;（2）高温下剑叶丙二醛（MDA）含量上升,相对电导率增加,热敏感品系4628增加幅度大于耐热品系996;（3）高温胁迫下垩白粒率和垩白度显著增加,精米率和整精米率显著降低,直链淀粉含量降低,蛋白质含量增加.灌浆结实期高温胁迫下,水稻功能叶抗氧化酶活性降低,膜透性增加,光合能力及光合产物的运输与卸载能力下降,可能是稻米品质降低的重要原因.