EGCG对细胞的促氧化作用研究进展

EGCG是茶叶中主要的儿茶素类物质,具有多种生物活性。近年来,EGCG促氧化作用得到了广泛关注。本文对国内外细胞实验中EGCG的促氧化作用进行综述。EGCG在细胞培养基中发生自动氧化可以形成细胞外氧化应激环境,这种自动氧化受到培养基种类、EGCG浓度与处理时间、血清含量及p H值等因素影响。在细胞内,EGCG直接提高细胞内活性氧(Reactive Oxidative Species,ROS)和线粒体ROS,或者通过Fenton反应间接产生OH-。EGCG可以影响细胞内转录因子、信号通路与表面生长因子受体的表达与传递,从而影响细胞的一系列生命活动。     

Conventional tillage improves the storage of soil organic carbon in heavy fractions in the Loess Plateau,China

Soil labile organic carbon(C) plays an important role in improving soil quality. The relatively stable fractions of soil organic C(SOC) represent the bulk of SOC, and are also the primary determinant of the long-term C balance of terrestrial ecosystems. Different land use types can influence the distribution patterns of different SOC fractions. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, different fractions of SOC were determined in two land use types: a grazed grassland(established on previously cultivated cropland 25 years ago, GG) and a long-term cultivated millet cropland(MC). The results showed that C concentration and C storage of light fractions(LF) and heavy fractions(HF) presented different patterns along the soil profiles in the two sites. More plant residues in GG resulted in 91.9% higher LF storage at the 0–10 cm soil depth, further contributed to 21.9% higher SOC storage at this soil depth; SOC storage at 20–60 cm soil depth in MC was 98.8% higher than that in GG, which could be mainly attributed to the HF storage 104.5% higher than in GG. This might be caused by the long-term application of organic manure, as well as the protection from plough pan and silt- and clay-sized particles. The study indicated that different soil management practices in this region can greatly influence the variations of different SOC fractions, while the conventional tillage can greatly improve the storage of SOC by increasing heavy fractions.     

谷氨酰胺对点带石斑鱼免疫细胞免疫力的影响

将从平均体质量400 g的点带石斑鱼中肾分离出的白细胞培养在添加0、0．5、1、2 mmol／L 谷氨酰胺的培养基中2、6、12、24 h后,测定白细胞的吞噬和呼吸爆发活力,结果发现,添加谷氨酰胺后白细胞的吞噬和呼吸爆发活力显著提高,随着培养时间的延长,吞噬和呼吸爆发活力进一步提高,最高值均在培养12 h后的1 mmol／L组。在培养12、24 h后测定了白细胞的增殖能力,发现培养12 h后,添加谷氨酰胺的各组增殖效果明显优于未添加谷氨酰胺组（对照组）（ P＜0．05）,但添加谷氨酰胺的各组之间差异不显著（P＞0．05）,最高值在1 mmol／L组;培养48 h后,除2 mmol／L组外,其他处理组的增殖效果均下降。白细胞对迟钝爱德华氏菌杀菌率变化趋势与吞噬活力相符,1、2 mmol／L 组杀菌率显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）,而0．5 mmol／L组与对照组之间差异不显著（P＞0．05）。试验结果表明,谷氨酰胺是石斑鱼有效的免疫增强剂,在培养基中添加1 mmol／L 谷氨酰胺培养12 h效果最佳。     

Effects of diets supplemented with either individual or combined probiotics,Bacillus subtilis E20 and Lactobacillus plantarum 7‐40, on the immune response and disease resistance of the mud crab,Scylla paramamosain (Estampador)

Two trials, including firstly, diets incorporating individual or combined species of probiotics, Bacillus subtilis E20 and Lactobacillus plantarum 7‐40, were fed to the mud crab, Scylla paramamosian, for 28 days to evaluate the growth, immunity and disease resistance, and secondly, the optimal level of B. subtilis E20 in the diet by tracking the growth, immunity and disease resistance after 28 days of feeding were analysed. No significant differences in growth, total haemocyte counts, respiratory bursts, superoxide dismutase, or glutathione peroxidase were found in the two trials. Crabs fed the B. subtilis E20‐containing diet (D20) had significantly increased phenoloxidase (PO) activity, phagocytic activity (PA) and disease resistance compared with crabs fed the control and the mixed probiotics diet (MD). The mortality of crabs fed the D20 was significantly lower than that of crabs fed the L. plantarum 7‐40‐containing diet. L. plantarum 7‐40 had a great inhibitory effect on the growth of B. subtilis E20, which may have led to the decreased probiotic effect of the MD. An analysis of the optimal level of B. subtilis E20 in the diet showed that crabs fed the B. subtilis E20‐containing diet at a level of 10^9–10 cfu kg^?1 had better immune response of PO and PA, and disease resistance in the second trial.     

3种品系尼罗罗非鱼生长及高密度胁迫后生理响应变化的比较

以‘吉富’、‘新吉富’、‘埃及尼罗’3种不同品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为研究对象, 通过不同品系之间生长与高密度胁迫反应的比较, 探讨3种尼罗罗非鱼的生长特点与应激后生理响应的变化规律。将初始规格基本一致的3种品系尼罗罗非鱼饲养100 d后, 吉富罗非鱼特定生长率最高, 新吉富其次, 两者间无显著差异(P>0.05), 埃及尼罗罗非鱼特定生长率显著低于吉富罗非鱼(P<0.05)。吉富与新吉富罗非鱼的内脏比显著高于埃及尼罗(P<0.05); 3种尼罗罗非鱼的肥满度之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。养殖实验结束后, 进行48 h的急性高密度(100 g/L)应激实验。应激48 h内, 吉富与新吉富罗非鱼血清总蛋白、葡萄糖、谷草转氨酶、胆固醇与溶菌酶活力/水平以及肝HSP70mRNA水平呈先上升后下降的变化。应激48 h后, 埃及尼罗罗非鱼血清皮质醇水平与应激前相比无显著差异(P>0.05), 吉富与新吉富罗非鱼的皮质醇水平显著高于应激前(P<0.05); 埃及尼罗罗非鱼血清溶菌酶活力与肝HSP70 mRNA水平在应激后48 h内始终高于应激前(P<0.05)。研究结果表明, 短期高密度胁迫可提高3种尼罗罗非鱼血清葡萄糖与甘油三酯的利用, 并诱发肝损伤。埃及尼罗罗非鱼的抗高密度应激能力高于吉富和新吉富罗非鱼。

     

Mass selection for small‐sized cysts in Artemia franciscana produced in Vinh Chau salt ponds,Vietnam

Unidirectional mass truncation selection for small‐sized cysts was carried out on brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana Kellogg 1906), Vinh Chau strain, Vietnam, through cyst sieving and then culturing the selected individuals (<5% of the population) under field and laboratory conditions over two successive generations (F₁ and F₂). The results showed that at both culture scales, the cyst size of the selected line was smaller (P < 0.05) compared with the control (non‐selected) line, illustrating that there was a response to selection. The cyst size decreased about 3% per generation and the accumulated gain on the target trait was in the range 5.82–6.07% at the end of the selection process compared with the base population. The realized heritability estimation (h²) for cyst size was 0.23 ± 0.06 and 0.74 ± 0.19 in the field trials and 0.34 and 0.51 in the laboratory test for the F₁ and F₂ generation respectively. The variations found between the respective trials may be explained as the result of environmental interaction with the selection process, but the results show that a selection program for small‐sized cysts in Artemia by mass selection is possible.     

The importance of non‐penetrated papillae formation in the resistance response of triticale to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis)

Triticale is the intergeneric hybrid between wheat and rye. With the expansion of the triticale growing area, powdery mildew has emerged and become a significant disease on this new host. Recent research demonstrated that this ‘new’ powdery mildew on triticale has emerged through a host range expansion of powdery mildew of wheat. Moreover, isolates sampled from triticale still infect their previous host, wheat, but isolates sampled from wheat hardly infect triticale. Race‐specific and adult‐plant resistance have been identified in triticale cultivars. The main objective of this study was to characterize the cellular basis of powdery mildew resistance in triticale. Commonalities with resistance responses in other cereals such as wheat, barley and oat are discussed. A detailed comparative histological study of various resistance responses during cross‐inoculation of either virulent or avirulent wheat and triticale isolates on both hosts was carried out. The present data provide evidence that for incompatible interactions, the formation of non‐penetrated papillae is the predominant resistance response, while the hypersensitive response (HR) acts as a second line of defence, to cut the fungus off from nutrients, if penetration resistance fails. It is not clear yet what causes the slower growth and reduced colony size of triticale isolates when inoculated on wheat. Possibly, post‐penetration resistance mechanisms, other than HR, are switched on during these (semi‐) compatible interactions. Molecular studies on gene expression and gene function of defence‐related genes might reveal further insights into the genetic basis of these resistance responses.     

钙对低温胁迫下玉米幼苗氧化损伤的保护作用

采用室内盆栽试验,利用不同浓度的CaCl₂（0、5、10、15、20 mmol·L^-1）处理低温胁迫下的玉米幼苗,研究了钙对玉米幼苗抗冷性的作用。结果表明：与对照相比,低温处理明显抑制了玉米幼苗的生长,减缓了可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的积累,抗氧化酶活性下降,脯氨酸含量减少,丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,质膜透性增大。适宜浓度的钙（5～10 mmol·L^-1）能减缓低温胁迫下玉米幼苗质膜相对透性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的增加,促进脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,其中10 mmol·L^-1 Ca²⁺处理的效果最为明显。     

二亚油酸甘油酯对大豆油氧化稳定性的影响

【目的】油脂的氧化稳定性影响油脂的储藏品质。大豆油中多种微量成分对油脂的氧化稳定性产生影响,甘油二酯是其中之一。研究添加二亚油酸甘油酯（LL）对大豆油氧化稳定性的影响,以期开发新的大豆油抗氧化剂,稳定油品品质、延长货架期。【方法】以过层析柱脱除微量成分并加入3×10-5（w/w）叶绿素的大豆油（TSSO）和未经脱除处理的大豆油（NSSO）为试验对象,分别加入0.01%、0.05%、0.1%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%（w/w）LL,搅拌均匀制成系列样品,在25℃、光照强度为1 700 lx的敞开环境下放置。在6周试验期内,以不添加LL的样品为对照,每间隔7d按GB/T5538-2005用碘量法测定样品的过氧化值（POV）、按GB/T21121-2007用Ominion公司OSI-24型油脂氧化稳定性测定仪测定样品的氧化稳定指数（OSI）、采用顶空-气质联用法用安捷伦7890A/5975C GC/MS型气质联用仪测定油脂中挥发性醛类物质的组成及相对含量、采用色谱法用安捷伦6890N型气相色谱仪测定样品的脂肪酸组成。每组样品各指标重复测定3次,用IBM SPASS19.0软件进行方差分析,用Duncan’s新复极差法进行多重比较。【结果】两组样品在6周试验期内：（1）POV值随储藏时间延长而增高,反映样品氧化程度增加;但POV增高幅度随LL添加量增多而有所缩减;（2）OSI随储藏时间延长而降低,反映样品的氧化稳定性变差;但OSI降低幅度随LL添加量的增加而减缓;在相同时间、相同LL添加水平下,NSSO组的OSI降低幅度小于TSSO组;（3）样品中的挥发性醛类物质相对百分含量随储藏时间延长而增加;相同储藏时间,添加LL的样品该物质含量低于对照,且随LL添加量的增加而降低;（4）不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值（U/S）随储藏时间延长而呈现降低趋势;相同储藏时间,添加LL的样品比对照U/S略增;随LL添加量增加,除亚油酸含量增加外,其他脂肪酸含量无显著性变化。【结论】在常温、光照条件下,添加LL可有效抑制大豆油氧化,且与NSSO组相比,对TSSO组的抗氧化效果更显著。     

基于分量替换高分辨率遥感图像融合方法的对比研究

基于分量替换的高分辨率遥感图像融合是一种十分重要的融合方法,但对该方法的融合原理的深入分析在国内还鲜有报道。为此对分量替换融合方法进行原理探究和实验对比分析。首先从线性代数的角度来阐述分量替换融合算法的实质,并对两种典型的构造可替换波段的分量替换方法（基于光谱响应函数模拟低分辨率全色波段的Gram-Schmidt融合法（GS1）和基于多元一次线性回归拟合低分辨率全色波段的Gram-Schmidt（GS2）融合法进行原理说明;其次,选取QuickBird全色与多光谱图像数据,进行三种有代表性的基于分量替换的融合方法（PCA,GS1,GS2）的对比分析。通过对比融合前后典型地物的光谱特性变化来评价融合影像的光谱保真性也是该研究的一大特色。结果表明:3种融合方法都具有很高的光谱保真性,GS2融合方法具有最优的光谱保真性,PCA和GS1融合算法次之,尤其是GS1融合处理后的图像存在部分光谱失真的现象,GS2算法的光谱保真性明显优于GS1。从基于分量替换融合方法的实质可以诠释出造成GS1融合图像光谱失真的根本原因,GS1融合算法使用的只是实验室理想环境下所获取的名义上的光谱响应特征。传感器的实际成像过程受到诸多因素的影响,如传感器在轨工作环境、大气、观测角度不同等的影响。GS1算法单纯通过不同波段光谱响应函数的线性组合来模拟低分辨率全色波段并不十分准确,GS2直接利用MS和Pan波段像元灰度值进行线性回归,克服了上述不确定性问题。通过以上对比研究发现,如何利用多光谱数据准确地模拟低分辨率全色波段,直接影响到融合后影像的光谱保真性,是目前高分辨率遥感图像融合的关键技术。