小陇山林区强降雨径流过程分析

为探讨在小陇山林区强降雨过程中地表径流的形成过程及其变化特征,利用实际观测资料分析了2次强降水径流过程。结果表明,由于2次降雨量和降水强度的不同,测流堰水位和流量有所不同,洪峰出现时间也不同。第1次降雨量为68.0mm,降雨历时9.50h,水位最高1.039m,集水区径流最大值滞后于降雨峰值2.66h,该集水区共计降水97 043.698m3,通过测流堰流出73 908.525m3;第2次降雨量为121.0mm,降雨历时7.00h,水位最高1.321m,集水区径流最大值滞后于降雨峰值5h,该集水区共计降水178 389.2m3,通过测流堰流出158 735.73m3。     

新型梯形量水堰水力特性试验及数值模拟

梯形量水堰因结构简单、测流精度较高而广泛应用在灌区末端渠道上,但现有灌区梯形量水堰存在的测流范围小、泥沙易在堰前淤积问题,严重制约着其应用推广,据此提出以改进堰为基础的堰孔组合的新型梯形量水堰.采用量纲一化分析法确定流量公式,并以水工模型试验结果为基础,率定数值模拟模型参数,利用Fluent软件计算获得4种新型梯形量水堰不同流量条件下的水深、堰流流量值、流速分布及速度矢量图,最后通过试验数据拟合出测流公式.结果表明：不同孔口高度的新型梯形量水堰孔口出流对堰上出流的影响随着堰前总水头的增大而逐渐减小;拟合的流量公式简明易用且通用性较高,平均相对误差为2.63%;将模拟结果与试验值做对比分析,二者吻合度较高,平均相对误差为2.53%,说明模拟结果具有一定的可靠性,可为堰孔组合式量水设施的工程设计提供参考依据.     

客户风险的供应链溢出效应研究

利用手工搜集的2007—2017年A股沪深两市上市公司的1 087对供应商、客户数据，实证检验企业客户风险的供应链溢出问题，并在此基础上探讨企业的客户集中度和企业产权性质的调节作用。研究发现：供应链是企业间风险溢出的重要渠道，客户风险会通过供应链途径对供应商企业产生风险溢出效应，进一步分析表明，客户风险的供应链溢出效应在客户集中度较高的企业以及非国有企业中表现更为显著。该研究有助于拓展企业风险的实证边界，深化对企业间风险溢出问题的探索，丰富和促进供应链理论和企业风险理论内涵。     

南水北调工程保水堰水力特性研究

南水北调天津干线采用分段低压输水方式后，保水堰作为有压管道中的衔接性水工建筑物，结构独特，流态复杂，在输水系统中起着关键作用。本文通过保水堰的水工模型试验和数值模拟，得到了保水堰的水力特性，即保水堰的局部水头损失系数、流量系数和水流流态随着水位而变化的规律，其成果对长距离调水水力计算和工程设计有重要的意义。     

小集水区试验中三角堰量水问题的研究

对5种不同缺口角度的不完全收缩薄壁三角堰的出流特性进行了室内实验,得出了实验条条件下的流量系数经验公式和θ=90°堰的低水头(h<6cm)流量系数公式.通过理论分析和实测资料验证,指出了不能直接采用堰流公式得出小集水区的暴雨径流流量,并分析了野外观测的精度.     

Flow measurements with portable cut-throat flume and broad crested weir in flat gradient channels

A study was conducted to evaluate the reliability of flow measurements with portable cut-throat flumes and broad-crested weirs during 1988–89 at the field hydraulic laboratory of the National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad. Data of flow measurements were recorded under free and submerged flow conditions with a cut-throat flume and a broad-crested weir as compared to a standard V notch. The results indicated that for free flow conditions cut-throat flumes can be used with –2.2 to 8.6% error. However, the use of cut-throat flumes under flat gradient channels may cause problem of over-topping at the upstream end. Under submerged flow conditions, the percent error in the flow measurements of –3.2 to 14.6% was observed. Therefore, cut-throat flumes cannot provide reasonable flow measurements under submerged flow conditions. For accurate flow measurements broad-crested weirs should be used with percent error of –1.5 to 5.8. Such flumes can be easily manufactured in Pakistan to suit different flow regimes and flat gradient channels.     

一种较理想的量水建筑物——平坦V形堰

 平坦V形堰可以用在洪水期和枯水期测流。讨论其选址原则及参数设计,并提出了改进方案,将平坦V形堰中原测压孔改为测井,安装数字雨量计和光电数字水位计,实现自动测量。其中,平坦V形堰工程设计图,已用于工程施工。     

Portable and permanent flumes with adjustable throats

The utility of developing vertically-adjustable flumes for canal flow measurement systems, is important to several problems in field practice. One involves the perception by some canal water users that flumes and weirs significantly and harmfully restrict flow. These perceptions, correct only sometimes, occur often enough to cause resistance to flow measurements and impedance to proper irrigation management. Parshall flumes and Cutthroat flumes require ponding depths upstream equal to about 40% of head reading while long-throated flumes and the related broad-crested weirs require only 10 to 15%. The actual head drop through all of these flumes is greater than hydraulically necessary for all but the maximum design discharge. The highly obvious excessive ponding is often misunderstood as a harmful restriction to flow. Also, the velocities at the low flows are reduced by this excessive ponding, which can aggravate sediment accumulation. The system described herein allows control of the ponding restriction from nearly zero to just enough restriction to gain measurement control of the flow at nearly all flow rates in the design range of a particular size. This reduces the amount of visible restriction. For a small structure size, with a control section less than 1 m wide and flowing under a head of less than about 25 to 30 cm, this restriction is about 10% to 15% of the head reading, or about 3 to 5 cm at maximum head. This maintains relatively high velocities in the approach channel for assisting sediment movement. The device is applicable to measuring flow rates in unlined and lined canals. The system described permits adjustment of the canal flow levels, reduces the perception of ponding, and minimizes the induced sediment problems.     

径流小区产流过程量水堰自动测量系统

坡面径流小区是水土保持和相关领域研究的重要手段,流量观测是径流小区观测的主要内容.该研究设计开发了一种适用于径流小区流量过程的自动观测系统,该系统集成了量水堰、水位计和泥沙传感器,并配套了数据自动采集、存储和传输设备.通过水槽试验,标定了量水堰流量系数,建立了针对量水堰结构设计的近似流量模型并获取了模犁参数;模型验证和参数标定试验的结果表明:三角堰的水位与流量之间有着非常好的相关性,简化流量模型可以用于计算流量,简化模型回归分析的决定系数为0.98.此外,该文分析讨论了泥沙含量对流量观测的影响,提出了净产水(扣除泥沙体积的产水量)的概念和估计方法.该含沙水流自动测量系统具有很好的可靠性和观测精度,在水土保持监测方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

小型渠道梯形薄壁侧堰水力特性试验

为研究适用于小型渠道以及田间进水口的量水设施,该文拟结合小型渠道分水闸设计体型简单的梯形薄壁侧堰,探讨其水力特性影响因素。设计7种堰顶与水平方向夹角（?9°、?6°、?3°、0°、3°、6°、9°）的梯形侧堰,在6种流量工况下进行42组试验,研究侧堰附近水面线、流量系数与其影响因素之间的关系、水头损失等水力特性。结果表明：建立的水面线函数最大相对误差仅为1.85%,满足测流精度要求;建立梯形薄壁侧堰流量与水头、堰高、堰顶角度的关系式,其相对误差绝对值最大为8.97%,满足测流精度要求;分析不同流量下水头损失及壅水高度,侧堰堰顶角度越大,水头损失及壅水高度越大;得到的上游水深与流量以及侧堰堰顶角度的关系式的决定系数可达0.9以上,便于在量水时根据渠道规格以及灌溉流量确定适宜的梯形侧堰堰型。该研究对梯形薄壁侧堰水力特性进行初步探索,为侧堰在灌区末级渠道或田间进水口的推广提供参考。