黄土区切沟治理水土保持效益的研究

为研究黄土区切沟治理效益 ,在山西吉县进行大量的调查研究 .研究表明 :治理切沟的防洪减沙效益十分明显 ,降雨量为 70 .4mm ,30min最大雨强 0 .92mm min .未治理切沟土壤侵蚀量达 2 389t km2 ,而治理切沟水沙尚未出沟 .同时对治理切沟不同部位的不同林分土壤含水量、土壤理化性质等进行了研究 ,发现切沟内塌积土上林木生长、理化性质均优于其它地形部位     

Effects of topography on the construction and efficiency of earthen weirs for rice irrigation in Northeast Thailand

Farmers in some parts of the Indochina Peninsula have been using earthen weirs to supply water to their rice fields, and the use of such weirs is especially prevalent in Northeast Thailand. Although now a typical rain-fed rice cultivation area, a significant percentage of rice fields in Northeast Thailand used earthen weirs before the extensive expansion of rain-fed rice fields that occurred in the early 20th century. In this study, we clarified some of the historical changes associated with the construction and use of earthen weirs and their effects on rice production. In particular, we investigated some of the topographic effects, such as terrain, catchment size, and slope grade, on water delivery. In addition, water delivery methods, construction periods, and the discontinued use of earthen weirs were examined with respect to regional influences and topography. Earthen weirs were found to be most suitable in areas that exhibited complementarity between the riverbed slope and the water catchment. The type of earthen weir was dependent on the magnitude of the riverbed slope. Earthen weirs have been constructed continuously on steeper upstream slopes of rivers for more than a century, while weir construction on lower riverbeds with larger catchments appears to be more recent.

Root restriction-induced limitation to photosynthesis in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) leaves

Root restriction often depresses photosynthetic capacity and the mechanism for this reduction, however, remains unclear. To identify the mechanism by which root restriction affects the photosynthetic characteristics, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings were subjected to root restriction stress with or without supplemental aeration to the nutrient solution. With the development of the root restriction stress, CO₂ assimilation rate was decreased only in confined plants without supplemental aeration. There were also significant decreases in leaf water potential, stomatal conductance (g_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), and increases in the stomatal limitation (l) and the xylem sap ABA concentration. Meanwhile, the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (V_cmax) and the capacity for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration (J_max) also decreased, followed by substantial reductions in the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Φ_PSII). Additionally, root restriction resulted in accumulation of carbohydrates in various plant tissues irrespective of aeration conditions. It is likely that root restriction-induced depression of photosynthesis was mimicked by water stress.     

Circulation of the eastern North Atlantic and north-west European continental shelf – a hydrodynamic modelling study

As part of the interdisciplinary investigation of Calanus finmarchicus migrations between oceanic and shelf areas off north-west Europe (the ICOS project), a three-dimensional, prognostic baroclinic circulation model system, consisting of a coarse and a nested fine scale model, was constructed. The aim was to simulate the flow fields around Iceland, the Faroe Islands and the north-west European continental shelf and slope, including the northern North Sea. The coarse scale model covered the northern North Atlantic and provided the far field flow to the finer scale model. The latter was initialized and forced with climatological seasonal (winter and spring) means of temperature, salinity, river run-off, and other parameters necessary for the calculation of heat fluxes. Seasonal average simulations of flow and hydrographic conditions were performed, together with simulations of specific scenarios of uniform wind forcing from different directions. A feature common to all the results was a topographically guided northwards flow along the continental shelf edge, with a southwards counter-flow in the vicinity of the Faroe–Shetland Channel. The extent and strength of the shelf edge current, of its counter flow, and of the re-circulation cell in the northern North Sea, were dependent on the prevailing wind direction. The modelling results were consistent with the accepted circulation patterns in the area, and a comparison with field measurements in the Faroe–Shetland Channel showed that the main characteristics of the flow were well replicated, although the estimated strength of the slope current was somewhat less than in the field observations.     

分洪区口门流量淹没系数的研究

采用平面二维数学模型,计算分析了分洪区口门的堰流流量系数和淹没系数的变化过程。结果表明,在自由溢流时,分洪区口门的堰流流量系数和正向堰流的流量系数基本一致。在淹没溢流时,在淹没度为0.8～0.98范围内,分洪区口门堰流的淹没系数与普通水力学的正向堰流的淹没系数基本一致;对淹没度在0.98～1.0范围(正向堰流不存淹没度为0.98～1.0范围的堰流),通过数学模型的计算分析给出了淹没度在这个范围内的分洪区口门堰流的淹没系数。所得结果可以为分洪区口门的流量计算作参考。     

溢流橡胶坝有限元分析

应用膜结构的几何非线性理论并结合有限元通用软件ANSYS对橡胶坝溢流情况进行应力、变形分析。对橡胶坝过水溢流进行了简化,得到所选材料坝袋溢流情况下的极限承载力状态,对于橡胶坝的工程管理起到一定参考价值。     

Response to drought and salt stress of lemon ‘Fino 49’ under field conditions: Water relations,osmotic adjustment and gas exchange

Drought and salinity are two of the most important factors limiting the lemon yield in south-eastern Spain. The effects of drought and salt stress, applied independently, on water relations, osmotic adjustment and gas exchange in the highest evapotranspiration period were studied to compare the tolerance and adaptive mechanisms of 13-year-old ‘Fino 49’ lemon trees, in immature and mature leaves. The study was carried out in an experimental orchard located in Torre Pacheco (Murcia). Three treatments were applied: Control, well-irrigated; drought-stress (DS), non-irrigated from 15th May to 7th July and salinity, irrigated with 30 mM NaCl from 1st March to 7th July. At the end of the experiment, only DS trees showed a decreased leaf stem water potential (Ψ_md). Under DS conditions, both types of leaf lost turgor and did not show any osmotic or elastic mechanism to maintain leaf turgor. Osmotic adjustment was the main tolerance mechanism for maintenance of turgor under salt stress, and was achieved by the uptake of Cl⁻ ions. Gas-exchange parameters were reduced by DS but not by salinity, stomatal closure being the main adaptive mechanism for avoidance of water loss and maintenance of leaf turgor. Salinity gave rise to greater Cl⁻ accumulation in mature than in immature leaves. The increase of proline in immature leaves due to DS indicates greater damage than in mature leaves.     

灌区量水设施研究开发进展

对国内外灌区常用堰类、槽类量水设施的应用成果进行了综述 ,比较分析了几种应用较多的量水设施的优缺点 ,介绍了量水设施最新的研究进展 ,提出了适合我国灌区推广应用的槽类量水建筑物的研究发展方向。     

西安市雨水花园蓄渗雨水径流的试验研究

雨水花园是结合城市景观,以滞留和净化雨水径流为主要功能的生物滞留处理系统,能够在一定程度上减轻城市化进程对城市水文和水质的负面影响。根据在西安市雨水花园蓄渗屋面雨水径流的现场试验,确定在各种暴雨条件下,花园设计及土壤入渗能力不同时,雨水花园拦蓄雨水径流的能力以及花园溢流的时间和溢流量。结果显示,黄土具有良好的入渗能力,达到2.346m/d;在较为湿润的2011年基本没有发生溢流,汇集的雨水径流全部入渗补给了地下水。对于某一重现期的暴雨,雨水花园溢流总量受到降雨强度和历时二者叠加效果的影响。     

水土保持新技术——垄向区田的基本原理及运用

垄向区田技术解决了强降雨和土壤渗透慢的矛盾,保水保土效果明显,作物增产显著,而且成本低,动土量少,便于田间管理,有很好的生态、经济和社会效益。介绍了垄向区田技术中最佳垱距、土垱厚度、应用范围的确定及其应用中应注意的问题。