Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (Kc) of cotton and wheat

Development of crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to reference evapotranspiration (ETo), can enhance ETc estimates in relation to specific crop phenological development. This research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific Kc and crop water use for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the Texas AgriLife Research field at Uvalde, TX, USA from 2005 to 2008. Weighing lysimeters were used to measure crop water use and local weather data were used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA) and a seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ETo. Crop water requirements, Kc determination, and comparison to existing FAO Kc values were determined over a 2-year period on cotton and a 3-year period on wheat. Seasonal total amounts of crop water use ranged from 689 to 830 mm for cotton and from 483 to 505 mm for wheat. The Kc values determined over the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.5 for cotton and 0.1 to 1.7 for wheat. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific Kc helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.     

转速对磁吸滚筒式精密排种器工作精度的影响

通过分析种子在滚筒壁上的受力,在保证种子被吸附于滚筒壁上且不滑动的前提下,找出了所需的磁吸力与其所处位置的关系,并分析了滚筒允许转速与磁吸力的关系.分析结果表明,滚筒允许转速与种子质量、种子比磁化系数、种子质心处磁场力、滚筒半径及种子与滚筒壁摩擦系数等因素有关.最后,对油菜种子进行了穴盘播种试验,其结果表明:当磁吸头采用锥头形式、线圈电流强度为0.2A、匝数为2000、滚筒转速为15r/min时、排种器单播率达93.334%.     

基于电容测量的精密播种机监测系统研究

针对光电法精密播种机监测系统易受田间灰尘影响的缺点,提出了基于电容测量的新型精密播种机监测方法,研制了精密播种机排种监测系统,根据电容的实时变化,实现播种性能监测,完成种箱排空和排种管阻塞等造成的漏播情况报警.实验表明,该系统能够有效地提高排种监测的可靠性.     

我国精细农业的应用研究

生物遗传育种技术的进步以及化肥、农药的使用,推动了世界农业的发展。但这种农业增长模式也带来了水土流失、生态环境恶化、生物多样性遭到破坏等诸多问题。在解决这些问题的进程中,逐渐形成了精细农业的理论体系。对精细农业技术思想、技术体系、技术应用的发展情况进行了研究,并结合我国具体情况,分析了精细农业在我国的应用前景。     

农药自动混药装置的研究现状与展望

目前,我国农作物病虫害防治主要依靠施用农药,现有的大多数农药剂型需要加水稀释,配制成一定浓度后再施用。近年,我国农业航空迅速发展,对农业航空的智能化农业机械装备的需求变得非常迫切。系统总结了农药自动混药装置类型以及农药自动混药装置特点,通过对农药自动混药装置研究发展概况分析,阐明了国内农药自动混药装置所存在的问题,展望未来农药混药装置的发展趋势,为后续的研究方向奠定基础。     

鲁氏耶尔森氏菌外膜蛋白ompF基因的分子克隆、生物信息学与免疫原性分析

为筛选潜在的保护性抗原基因研制鲁氏耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia ruckeri)基因工程疫苗,实验利用特异性引物扩增分离自斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus)的Y.ruckeri外膜蛋白omp F基因并对其进行分子克隆,应用相关软件和程序对其核苷酸及氨基酸序列进行生物信息学分析,并进行了omp F蛋白的表达和免疫原性检测。结果显示,omp F基因全长1 095 bp(Gen Bank登录号KP159420),包含一个编码364个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框,其氨基酸序列具有极高保守性,与Y.ruckeri外膜穿孔蛋白omp F(Gen Bank登录号ADK27779.1)亲缘关系最近,序列一致性为99.2%,进化树聚为一支;具有1个革兰氏阴性菌穿孔蛋白保守结构域,存在1个信号肽和1个跨膜区,是一种跨膜蛋白;具有12个与免疫相关的抗原决定簇区域。SDS-PAGE分析发现该蛋白主要以包涵体形式表达在沉淀,经Western-bolt显示omp F蛋白具有较好的免疫原性。以上结果表明omp F基因可作为Y.ruckeri基因工程疫苗的候选抗原基因。     

单壁碳纳米管载嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白亚单位疫苗的研制及免疫效果评价

为了筛选细菌的疫苗候选蛋白,本实验根据课题组前期的研究,挑选了2个嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白(A0KLQ6和A0KH89),以A0KHR9(OmpAII)为对照,通过比较外膜蛋白与碳纳米管载外膜蛋白通过腹腔注射与浸泡免疫模式,比较和评价斑马鱼的免疫反应与免疫保护效果。结果显示,腹腔注射组和浸泡组与普通蛋白组对比,碳纳米管载蛋白能够显著提高斑马鱼免疫相关基因表达量。腹腔注射组在5μg剂量下免疫A0KHR9、A0KLQ6和A0KH89蛋白分别获得61.60%、 65.39%和84.96%相对免疫保护率(relative immune protection rate,RPS),在5μg剂量下免疫碳纳米管载蛋白SWCNTs-A0KHR9、SWCNTsA0KLQ6和SWCNTs-A0KH89分别获得68.10%、77.50%和90.43%的RPSs。浸泡组在40 mg/L剂量下免疫A0KHR9、A0KLQ6和A0KH89蛋白分别获得30.80%、25.85%和37.80%的RPSs,在40 mg/L最高剂量下免疫碳纳米管载蛋白疫苗SWCNTs-A0KHR9、SWCNTsA0KLQ6和SWCNTs-A0KH89分别获得63.60%、73.74%和68.49%的RPSs。研究表明,铁离子限制下嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白A0KLQ6和A0KH89等能够作为抗嗜水气单胞菌的亚单位疫苗候选蛋白,而单壁碳纳米管载蛋白通过注射免疫与浸泡免疫均能显著提升免疫疗效,是一种疫苗的适宜纳米载体。以上研究为寻找高效的嗜水气单胞菌亚单位疫苗候选蛋白及佐剂提供了理论依据。     

RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF NUTRIENT ELEMENTS IN FINGERED CITRON LEAF USING NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY

In order to provide references for leaf nutrition diagnosis of fingered citron, the technique of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was introduced to analyze nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in the dry-leaf samples of fingered citron. The best calibration model for N was developed with high RSQ_CAL (0.90), SD/SECV (2.73) and low SEC (1.06 mg g^?1), good calibration models were obtained for P, K, Fe and Mn, and no significant correlations were found between the spectra and the individual amounts of Zn and Cu. When tested using a validation set (n = 38), N was well predicted with low values of SEP (1.21 mg g^?1) and high RPD (2.5). The values of SEP and RPD were also acceptable for the external validation of P, Fe and Mn. Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis technique shows potential of diagnosing minerals in fingered citron, particularly for N, P, Fe and Mn.     

基于语义本体的柑橘肥水管理决策支持系统

利用信息技术实现柑橘精准生产管理是果树信息化管理的重点和难点。该文针对山地果园肥水信息化精准管理问题,研发了基于语义本体的柑橘肥水管理决策支持系统。柑橘肥水语义本体是决策支持系统的核心,它以资源描述框架三元组整合涉农信息。系统实现了施肥、生理病害防治和排灌监测3个功能。系统验证结果表明:1)施肥查询模块能够根据树龄、施肥时期、土壤质地、地形和产量5个因素计算氮、磷、钾施肥量,经216组数据验证其输出正确率100%;2)经100组涵盖12种营养素缺乏和过剩生理病害数据验证,病症查询模块能够根据输入病症正确判断生理病害;3)排灌检测模块能根据不同土壤质地对排灌实时监测,经小型气象站获取的土壤含水率数据验证,系统正确预警率达100%。经361组性能测试数据结果表明系统平均响应时间在0.23 s(浏览器端应用)和0.58 s(手机端应用)内,具备较优性能。该研究为农业领域知识建模和异构多源数据整合等问题提供了可行方案。     

Nitrogen release dynamics of a slow release urea pellet and its effect on growth,yield, and nutrient uptake of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Manure urea pellets were produced and their nitrogen release rate was evaluated in soil incubation at different water contents of 90, 75, and 60% soil filed capacity (FC). In another experiment, sweet basil growth was evaluated during eight months (with three shoot harvests) under the pellet application. The nitrogen release and pellet dispersion rates were slow after two months or at lower soil water content (60% FC), but they were significant after four months of soil incubation, or at higher soil water content (75 or particularly 90% FC). Application of pelleted urea reduced plant growth and yield at first harvest than urea treatment. However, at second and particularly at third harvest (and the average of three harvests) significant improvement in growth parameters of SPAD value, leaf area, plant height, shoot fresh weight, pot yield, and` leaf N and K concentrations were achieved by application of pelleted urea fertilization.