再生水灌溉对土壤盐渍化与重金属累积影响研究

再生水是农业灌溉重要的水资源,为了合理利用城市污水处理后的再生水资源,采用包头南郊污水厂二级出水作为再生水,以自来水为对照进行土柱试验,研究再生水灌溉下对土壤盐渍化以及重金属离子累积分布的影响。结果表明,除0~15 cm土壤中全盐量、电导率会增加外,其余土壤深度全盐量、电导率均无显著差异。重金属在土壤中累积不明显,同时,不同再生水灌溉重金属差异不大,且土壤中重金属含量均远低于国家标准规定的允许值,表明再生水灌溉短期内不会对土壤环境造成污染。     

区域水资源可持续利用评价——以乐山市为例

水资源可持续利用评价是制定区域可持续发展战略的依据和基础。基于模糊熵权法,构建了乐山市水资源可持续利用综合评价指标体系。利用熵权法确定各级指标的权重,并结合模糊综合评价模型,从社会、经济、生态合理性3个维度对乐山市的水资源利用情况进行了综合评价。结果表明自2001-2012年间乐山市水资源利用综合合理性呈下降趋势,反映出该区域的水资源可持续性在逐步减弱。分项评价结果中,社会合理性呈下降趋势,经济合理性呈先增后减的趋势,而生态合理性基本保持平稳。基于评价结果,提出了水资源可持续利用的建议,以期为水资源的合理开发,高效管理及利用提供依据。     

等维动态递补灰色模型改进及应用研究

针对等维动态递补灰色模型对波动性数据预测的局限性,提出了缓冲算子等维动态递补灰色模型,改进了原有模型对波动性数据预测误差较大的问题。利用成都市2008—2013年的用水统计资料,在验证了模型的实用性后,分别建立了传统的GM(1,1)模型、等维动态递补GM(1,1)模型以及带有弱化缓冲算子的等维动态递补GM(1,1)模型,对成都市2016、2020、2025年各类用水量进行预测分析。结果表明,改进后的模型预测精度高,实用性好,能给成都市未来的水资源规划与管理提供可靠的依据。     

农田土壤水分特征曲线参数拟合及其剖面变异特性研究

在天津农学院西校区和山西大同阳高试验基地,采用环刀取原状土方法分层、分垂直和水平2个方向取土样,采用高速离心机(CR22GⅡ)方法得到了土壤水分特征曲线数据,利用Van Genuchten模型对实测数据进行了拟合,并运用Excel软件规划求解与模式搜索法交替迭代进行参数拟合优化求解。结果表明,根据实测数据所选的参数初始值和优化值之间有明显差异,以残余含水率差异最大,参数n差异最小;参数优化过程中不同参数随迭代次数的增加有不同的变化规律;不同深度的参数优化值有显著差异,不同方向参数值有一定差异;取样误差对参数的优化结果也有一定的影响。     

基于叶气温差的生育中期冬小麦水分亏缺诊断研究

为了获取叶片尺度基于叶气温差的冬小麦生育中期水分亏缺诊断阈值,分析了冬小麦叶气温差的典型日变化及其与土壤水分、空气温度及太阳辐射等因子的相互关系,揭示了冬小麦叶气温差对光合气体交换参数的影响,确定了冬小麦叶片水分利用效率较适宜的非气孔限制值及叶气温差范围。结果表明,冬小麦叶气温差在不同的土壤水分条件下表现出不同的日变化规律,随光量子通量增加而升高,随土壤水分、气温增加而降低;4、5和6月冬小麦叶片水分利用效率较适宜的非气孔限制值范围分别为0.7~1.3、1.1~2.0和0.9~1.5,叶气温差控制范围分别为-1.2~0.4、-1.5~-1和-1.25~-0.9℃。     

大凌河流域生态综合治理项目效益分析

葫芦岛市建昌县2014年国家农业综合开发大凌河流域生态综合治理项目分布在建昌县新开岭乡新开岭村、贺杖子乡碾房村、素珠营子乡梁杖子村.通过该项目治理后,生态环境得到明显改善,经济效益十分显著,社会效益巨大,促进了区域经济社会发展.同时工程建设也起到了科技示范作用,为推动生态环境建设奠定了坚实基础保障.     

免疫亲和柱净化高效液相色谱荧光法测定调味品中赭曲霉毒素A

建立了免疫亲和柱净化高效液相色谱法测定调味品中赭曲霉毒素A。样品用甲醇与NaHCO3体积比为60:40的溶液提取,经免疫亲和色谱柱纯化,应用液相色谱法检测。结果表明,空白样品按照质量分数为1.0,20,50μg/kg添加赭曲霉毒素A,回收率为75.0%～102.0%,精密度小于15%,方法检测灵敏度为0.5μg/kg。免疫亲和柱净化高效液相色谱法测定调料中赭曲霉毒素A是一种简单、快速、准确的方法。     

浅谈农村饮水不安全对人类健康发展的影响

水是生命的源泉。在整个人类历史中,人们对水的需求一直是人类健康、社会进步、经济繁荣、文化价值,以及发展的动力,水在社会中起着根本性作用,因此有着深厚的文化层面。在广大农村,随着人们收入的不断提高,生活条件有了明显改善,但是由于农村人口众多、分布广泛,以及基础设施投入相对不足等原因,农村饮水不安全问题还未得到妥善解决,依然存在水源性缺水、水质状况差、水环境恶化等一系列问题,这些问题对人民群众的身体健康和正常生活造成诸多不利影响,制约着当地经济的可持续发展。     

DROUGHT STRESS: Soil Water Availability Alters the Inter‐ and Intra‐Cultivar Competition of Three Spring Wheat Cultivars Bred in Different Eras

Competition for water generates a classic aspect of the tragedy of the commons, the ‘race for fish’, where crops must allocate more resource to acquisition of the limiting resource than is optimal for crop yield allocation. A pot experiment using a simple additive (target–neighbour) design was conducted to examine the above‐ground and below‐ground growth of three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars when grown alone and in mixtures at three levels of water availability. The effects of competition and water availability were compared by observing patterns of growth, biomass allocation and below‐ground outcomes. Competitive interactions were investigated among cultivars ‘HST’, ‘GY602’ and ‘LC8275’, target plant of each cultivar grown without neighbouring plants are referred to herein as control plant and one target plant of each cultivar sown surrounded either by same or another cultivar as intra‐ or inter‐cultivar competition. Competitive ability was assessed as the response ratio (lnRR) between the target plant surrounded by six other plants and the target plant in isolation. Our results showed that the cultivar ‘HST’, released over a century ago, produced a higher biomass and grain yield than the more recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ when grown as isolated plants with sufficient water supply. However, competition for resources from neighbours led to target plant biomass and grain yield being significantly reduced relative to controls in all three cultivars, particularly in ‘HST’. When subjected to intra‐cultivar competition, the two recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ had higher grain yields and water use efficiency for grain than ‘HST’ in all three water regimes. The landrace ‘HST’ had better and significantly linear relationships between biomass and biomass allocation, root length and specific root length, whereas the recent and modern cultivars had much more water‐related species‐specific changes in root morphology and allocation patterns. These results suggest that crop traits that influence competitive ability, such as biomass allocation to roots and root plasticity in response to drought have changed in modern wheat cultivars because of breeding and selection.     

中国橡胶林的水土保持效应

本文就我国橡胶林的水土流失现状、特点以及水土保持措施等方面的研究进行了综述,并对今后的科研发展方向作了探讨。