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191.
林木遗传工程及木质素的生物合成调节(英文) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
林木遗传工程有利于保存林木遗传资源,改善全球气候,减轻自然林的过度采伐和满足人类日益增长的林木产品需求。控制林木真菌、病毒病、虫害和杂草的遗传工程方法正被广泛地研究和应用。尽管转基因林木的历史不长,种类不多,但它有广泛的应用前景。目前,抗除草剂基因、抗虫基因以及和木材质量相关的基因已被分离并应用于林木遗传工程。植物分子生物学和基因组学中的新技术使得高效林木遗传改良成为可能并将促进这些技术的商业化应用。木质素的应用已有一百年的历史,但木质素生物合成的全过程并不完全清楚。有关松树自然突变体和转基因林木的最新研究结果表明,木质素的生物合成是一个可以调节的过程。这些发现对完善木质素的生物合成途径、加深对木质素前体生物合成途径的理解和通过遗传工程改善木材质量有促进作用。本文综述了林木遗传工程在这些领域中取得的一些进展。 相似文献
192.
D. J. Snelder 《Agroforestry Systems》2001,52(3):207-217
Frequent burning and grazing and cultivation of cash crops increasingly threaten forest patches in hilly grassland in Northeast Luzon, yet their importance as a resource with multiple environmental functions and forest products persists. The aim of this study is to identify different types of forest patches, and their condition under present land-use intensification, and discuss prospects for their integration into sustainable local farming systems. Five types of forest patches are distinguished, both natural and planted ones, including rows of trees, woody patches, gallery forests, hill-slope forests and homegarden conglomerations. Natural woody patches and gallery forests in Imperata grassland are subject to degradation and land-use conversion under conditions of agricultural intensification. Woody patches in grassland affected by frequent burning and grazing cover small areas (66% below 50 m2 as opposed to 28% in protected grassland) and contain relatively few woody plant species (25 woody species in total as opposed to 82 where protected). Yet where well managed, they may provide a variety of products for sale and subsistence, covering emergency needs and giving off-season cash income to rural communities. Moreover they serve like the gallery forest various ecological functions, carrying valuable indigenous tree species, retaining soil base nutrients, providing a continuous supply of organic matter and intercepting fine earth soil particles removed from bare surfaces. It is suggested that forest-patch management systems may be developed, taking into account both patch diversity and the diverse needs of rural communities, and to strengthen existing and undervalued functions of forest patches as permanent elements in an agricultural landscape.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
193.
概述了“大树进城”之风形成的背景,对“大树进城”的弊端与危害进行了归纳,分析了“大树进城”之风难以遏止的原因,提出了“控两头、掐中间”、多管齐下、综合治理的基本思路和具体措施。 相似文献
194.
Jefferson S. Hall Brian E. Love Eva J. GarenJacob L. Slusser Kristin SaltonstallShane Mathias Michiel van BreugelDiogenes Ibarra Edward W. BorkDean Spaner Mark H. WishnieMark S. Ashton 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(10):1675-1683
Interest in native species is growing across the tropics as reforestation of degraded lands becomes more widespread. In this study four tree species native to Panama - Cedrela odorata, Pachira quinata, Samanea saman, and Tabebuia rosea - were grown on rural farms at two dry tropical sites in Panama for up to five years. Survivorship and growth data at these “on-farm” trials are compared to data recorded from nearby experimental or “species selection” trial sites and evaluated in terms of soil fertility and management. Participant farmers were also asked about their interest in planting trees in general as well as their interest in 61 species grown in the species selection trial.Although, on-farm survivorship was variable and generally lower than that found on the species selection trial, one species (S. saman) experienced high and consistent survivorship. High survivorship combined with growth data from farms at both sites for this species suggests it would be a good candidate for extension projects working with rural farmers. Survivorship of other species appears more sensitive to farmer management and/or local site conditions. Generally lower growth on the Los Santos farms as compared to the species-selection trial is attributed to the lower soil fertility (plant available P) at the on-farm sites compared to the species selection trial. In contrast, only one species - P. quinata - had a growth variable found to be significantly lower between the on-farm and species selection trial sites in Rio Hato. C. odorata, P. quinata T. rosea can all be used in on-farm conditions with consideration to specific site and management conditions.By 2009, approximately 80% of the farmers planting trees still wished to participate in tree planting activities. All of the farmers no longer wishing to continue with the project expressed slow growth rates of trees as a principal reason. All but one of these farmers had growth rates for his/her trees markedly below those of the species selection trial nearby. Some farmers wishing to continue had very high mortality rates (>70% for all species), suggesting non-tangible benefits for participating in project activities. Other species that were not tested on-farm but grew well in the species-selection trials and were of interest to local farmers are discussed.As long as specific site and management conditions are carefully considered, data from species selection trials can be useful in informing tree planting projects with rural farmers; however, care should be taken to manage expectations. 相似文献
195.
珍贵树种是经济社会发展特需的战略资源,发展珍贵树种资源具有十分重要的意义。文章介绍了四川珍贵树种资源发展现状,分析了珍贵树种资源发展潜力,提出了珍贵树种资源发展原则和发展战略。 相似文献
196.
In an alley cropping experiment, a study was carried out on N2 fixation by Gliricidia sepium, nitrogen (N) accumulation by prunings of Gliricidia, Senna siamea (formerly Cassia siamea) and Gmelina arborea, and the N contribution to associated crops of rice and cowpea.Total N accumulated by the hedgerow trees ranged from 297–524 kg N ha–1 on average but varied between tree species and depended on the growing season. Gliricidia sepium accumulated 370 kg N ha–1 on average and more than half of this came from fixation. Senna siamea and Gmelina arborea served as reference trees for estimating N2 fixation. The estimates of N2 fixation using Gmelina as a reference gave higher estimates than those using Senna.Although the dry matter and nitrogen yields of prunings from the hedgerow trees were high, their relative nitrogen contribution to the associated crops was generally low ranging from 5 to 29%. Higher crop yields and nitrogen contribution were observed with Gliricidia sepium prunings. The low N contribution from prunings was attributed to the lack of synchronization between the N released from the prunings and the crop's demand for N. 相似文献
197.
Root distribution of the wild jack tree (Artocarpus hirsutus) was determined by selective placement of 32P at various depths and lateral distances from the tree, in Kerala, India. In eight-and-a-half-year-old trees growing on a lateritic site, absorption of 32P from a lateral distance of 75 cm and 30 cm depth was much greater than from 150 and 225 cm lateral distance and 60 and 90 cm depth. Root activity declined with increasing depth and lateral distance. Most of the physiologically active roots were concentrated within a radius of 75 cm and 30 cm depth, although the tap root might reach even deeper. Possibly, surface accumulation of feeder roots may cause considerable overlap of the tree and crop root zones in intercropping situations. However, as the tree roots seldom extend beyond 2.25 m laterally from the trunk, the effect of overlapping root zones and the associated competitive effects may not be a serious problem for intercropping during the first few years (<10 years after planting) of tree growth. 相似文献
198.
利用不同时期遥感信息资源、结合实地调查测绘,编制不同时期果林类型图,经过叠合比较,建立动态分类系统,获得果林类型动态图,以此分析淳化县泥河沟流域1986 ̄1995年果林面积的动态变化与综合效益。 相似文献
199.
台江采育场竹木混交林丰产措施试验 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对台江林业采育场现有竹木混交林进行施肥和土壤垦复两种试验,结果表明,不同施肥处理虽有一定增产效果,但经方差分析未达到显著水平;不同土壤垦复措施的增产效果,以深翻加施肥的新竹产量最高,锄草松土居第二,单纯深翻并不理想,效果不如劈山抚育。因而,新兴竹木混交林应以调整竹林结构和护笋养竹为主,每年锄草松土即可达到材用丰产林标准,不宜盲目深翻、施肥。 相似文献
200.